Effects of high fat diet on metabolic health vary by age of menopause onset.

Menopause accelerates metabolic dysfunction, including (pre-)diabetes, obesity and visceral adiposity. However, the effects of endocrine vs. chronological aging in this progression are poorly understood. We hypothesized that menopause, especially in the context of middle-age, would exacerbate the metabolic effects of a high fat diet. Using young-adult and middle-aged C57BL/6J female mice, we modeled diet-induced obesity via chronic administration of high fat (HF) diet vs. control diet. We modeled peri-menopause/menopause via injections of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide, which accelerates ovarian failure vs. vehicle. We performed glucose tolerance tests 2.5 and 7 months after diet onset, during the peri-menopausal and menopausal phases, respectively. Peri-menopause increased the severity of glucose intolerance and weight gain in middle-aged, HF-fed mice. Menopause increased weight gain in all mice regardless of age and diet, while chronological aging drove changes in adipose tissue distribution towards more visceral vs. subcutaneous adiposity. These data are in line with clinical data showing that post-menopausal women are more susceptible to metabolic dysfunction and suggest that greater chronological age exacerbates the effects of endocrine aging (menopause). This work highlights the importance of considering both chronological and endocrine aging in studies of metabolic health.