'Lendület' Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, H-2163, Vácrátót, Alkotmány str. 2-4, Hungary; University of Debrecen, Department of Botany, H-4032, Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Hungary; HUN-REN-DE Conservation Biology Research Group, H-4032, Debrecen, Egyetem sq. 1, Hungary.
'Lendület' Seed Ecology Research Group, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, H-2163, Vácrátót, Alkotmány str. 2-4, Hungary.
J Environ Manage. 2024 Sep;368:122220. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122220. Epub 2024 Aug 17.
In the face of the global biodiversity decline, ecological restoration measures to actively enhance urban biodiversity and options for biodiversity-friendly greenspace management are high on the agenda of many governments and city administrations. This review aims to summarize and advance the current knowledge on urban grassland restoration by synthesizing research findings on restoration approaches and biodiversity-friendly management measures globally. Indeed, we found restoration approaches to be generally effective in increasing biodiversity; yet, there were variations in the outcomes due to the difference in soil disturbance methods, management regimes, the set of species introduced to a site, and the specific local setting. Based on the reviewed studies, we formulated recommendations for maximizing restoration success of urban grasslands through: i) creating a network of heterogeneous urban greenspaces and enhancing connectivity between them; ii) maintaining the spontaneous vegetation in vacant lots and wasteland sites that can provide habitats for various invertebrate species; iii) evaluating actual soil conditions, soil seed bank, and seed rain before restoration efforts take place since these seed sources could considerably affect the restoration outcomes, iv) preserving nutrient-poor conditions in urban greenspaces instead of introducing nutrient-rich topsoil; v) shifting to less intensive, biodiversity-friendly management in urban greenspaces by reducing mowing frequency and avoiding the use of chemicals; and vi) utilizing native dry grassland species for climate adaptation without irrigation. We further identified knowledge gaps regarding i) city-scale and regional-scale effects of restoration, ii) effects of interventions on multiple taxa and multiple ecosystem services, iii) restoration in small versus mega-cities, and iv) in the global south. These gaps should be addressed in future studies for making general guidelines for urban grassland restoration broadly applicable.
面对全球生物多样性减少的问题，积极采取生态恢复措施来增强城市生物多样性，并选择对生物多样性友好的绿地管理方案，这是许多政府和城市行政部门的当务之急。本综述旨在通过综合全球范围内有关恢复方法和对生物多样性友好的管理措施的研究成果，总结和推进城市草原恢复的现有知识。事实上，我们发现恢复方法通常可以有效地提高生物多样性；然而，由于土壤扰动方法、管理模式、引入到特定地点的物种集以及具体的当地环境的不同，结果存在差异。根据综述研究，我们通过以下建议来制定最大限度地提高城市草原恢复成功率的方案：i）创建一个异质的城市绿地网络，并加强它们之间的连通性；ii）维护空地和荒地中的自然植被，这些植被可以为各种无脊椎动物提供栖息地；iii）在进行恢复工作之前，评估实际的土壤状况、土壤种子库和种子雨，因为这些种子来源可能会对恢复结果产生重大影响；iv）在城市绿地中保留贫营养条件，而不是引入富营养表土；v）通过减少割草频率和避免使用化学物质，在城市绿地中转向低强度、对生物多样性友好的管理；vi）利用本地干草原物种进行气候适应，无需灌溉。我们还确定了以下知识空白：i）恢复的城市和区域尺度的影响；ii）干预对多个分类群和多个生态系统服务的影响；iii）小城市和超大城市的恢复情况；iv）全球南方的恢复情况。这些空白应在未来的研究中得到解决，以便为广泛适用的城市草原恢复提供通用指南。
