University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Nov 15;951:175467. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175467. Epub 2024 Aug 16.
Recent years have witnessed heightened scrutiny of the non-target sublethal effects of pesticides on behavioural and physiological traits of insects. Traditionally, attention has focused on investigating pesticides' primary modes of action, often overlooking the potential secondary mechanisms. This review brings forth the nuanced impacts of sublethal pesticide exposure on the immune system of target and non-target insect species. Pesticides, such as for example neonicotinoids, suppress immune response, while others, like certain organophosphates and some insect growth regulators (IGRs), appear to bolster immunocompetence under certain circumstances. Beyond their individual impacts, the synergic effects of pesticide mixtures on insect immunity are garnering increasing interest. This review thus summarizes recent advances in the immunomodulatory effects of pesticides, detailing both mechanisms and consequences of such interactions. The implications of these effects for ecosystem preservation and viability of beneficial organisms, such as pollinators and natural enemies of pests, are discussed. The review also considers further research directions on pesticide secondary modes of action and explores potential implications for integrated pest management (IPM) programs, as several model organisms studied are crop pest species. While current data provide an expansive overview of how insect innate immunity is modulated, concrete endpoints remain elusive requiring further research into pesticide secondary modes of actions.
近年来，人们越来越关注杀虫剂对昆虫行为和生理特征的非靶标亚致死效应。传统上，人们关注的是研究杀虫剂的主要作用模式，往往忽略了潜在的次要机制。本综述阐述了亚致死剂量的农药暴露对靶标和非靶标昆虫物种免疫系统的细微影响。例如，新烟碱类杀虫剂会抑制免疫反应，而某些有机磷农药和某些昆虫生长调节剂（IGRs）在某些情况下似乎会增强免疫能力。除了它们各自的影响外，农药混合物对昆虫免疫的协同作用也越来越受到关注。因此，本综述总结了近年来杀虫剂的免疫调节作用的最新进展，详细说明了这些相互作用的机制和后果。讨论了这些影响对生态系统保护和有益生物（如传粉媒介和害虫的天敌）生存能力的意义。该综述还考虑了关于农药次要作用模式的进一步研究方向，并探讨了其对综合虫害管理（IPM）计划的潜在影响，因为所研究的几个模式生物是农作物害虫物种。虽然目前的数据提供了昆虫先天免疫如何被调节的广泛概述，但具体的终点仍然难以捉摸，需要进一步研究农药的次要作用模式。
