Cheng Ming-Yang, Yu Chien-Lin, An Xin, Wang Letong, Tsai Chi-Lun, Qi Fengxue, Wang Kuo-Pin
School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
Front Psychol. 2024 Jul 19;15:1331997. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331997. eCollection 2024.
Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback Training (EEG NFT) aims to improve sport performance by teaching athletes to control their mental states, leading to better cognitive, emotional, and physical outcomes. The psychomotor efficiency hypothesis suggests that optimizing brain function could enhance athletic ability, indicating the potential of EEG NFT. However, evidence for EEG-NFT's ability to alter critical brain activity patterns, such as sensorimotor rhythm and frontal midline theta-key for concentration and relaxation-is not fully established. Current research lacks standardized methods and comprehensive studies. This shortfall is due to inconsistent EEG target selection and insufficient focus on coherence in training. This review aims to provide empirical support for EEG target selection, conduct detailed control analyses, and examine the specificity of electrodes and frequencies to relation to the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis. Following the PRISMA method, 2,869 empirical studies were identified from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and PsycINFO. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria: (i) proficient skill levels; (ii) use of EEG; (iii) neurofeedback training (NFT); (iv) motor performance metrics (reaction time, precision, dexterity, balance); (v) control group for NFT comparison; (vi) peer-reviewed English-language publication; and (vii) randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Studies indicate that NFT can enhance sports performance, including improvements in shooting accuracy, golf putting, and overall motor skills, as supported by the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis. EEG NFT demonstrates potential in enhancing sports performance by optimizing performers' mental states and psychomotor efficiency. However, the current body of research is hampered by inconsistent methodologies and a lack of standardized EEG target selection. To strengthen the empirical evidence supporting EEG NFT, future studies need to focus on standardizing target selection, employing rigorous control analyses, and investigating underexplored EEG markers. These steps are vital to bolster the evidence for EEG NFT and enhance its effectiveness in boosting sport performance.
脑电图神经反馈训练（EEG NFT）旨在通过教导运动员控制其心理状态来提高运动表现，从而带来更好的认知、情感和身体方面的结果。心理运动效率假说表明，优化大脑功能可以增强运动能力，这表明了EEG NFT的潜力。然而，EEG-NFT改变关键大脑活动模式（如感觉运动节律和前额中线θ波，这是注意力集中和放松的关键）的能力的证据尚未完全确立。目前的研究缺乏标准化方法和全面研究。这种不足是由于EEG目标选择不一致以及训练中对连贯性的关注不足。本综述旨在为EEG目标选择提供实证支持，进行详细的对照分析，并研究电极和频率与心理运动效率假说相关的特异性。按照PRISMA方法，从PubMed、Science Direct、Web of Science、Embase、CNKI和PsycINFO中识别出2869项实证研究。13项研究符合纳入标准：（i）熟练的技能水平；（ii）使用脑电图；（iii）神经反馈训练（NFT）；（iv）运动表现指标（反应时间、精度、灵巧性、平衡）；（v）用于NFT比较的对照组；（vi）经过同行评审的英文出版物；以及（vii）随机对照试验（RCT）设计。研究表明，NFT可以提高运动表现，包括提高射击准确性、高尔夫推杆和整体运动技能，这得到了心理运动效率假说的支持。EEG NFT通过优化运动员的心理状态和心理运动效率，在提高运动表现方面显示出潜力。然而，目前的研究受到方法不一致和缺乏标准化EEG目标选择的阻碍。为了加强支持EEG NFT的实证证据，未来的研究需要专注于标准化目标选择、进行严格的对照分析以及研究未充分探索的EEG标记。这些步骤对于加强EEG NFT的证据并提高其在提升运动表现方面的有效性至关重要。
