Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kunduz University, Afghanistan.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2024;59(7):321-333. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2384803. Epub 2024 Aug 19.
In Afghanistan, groundwater is widely used for drinking water, but its quality poses a health threat. This study investigates the physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of groundwater in the Upper Kabul Sub-basin. Fifteen samples were collected and analyzed from different parts of the study area. The qualitative determination of parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Salinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Phosphate, Potassium, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonia, Iron, Manganese, Copper, Aluminum, Arsenic, Total coliform, and Fecal coliform bacteria was carried out. The results were compared with WHO and ANSA standards to assess their suitability for drinking purposes. The analyzed samples indicate that physical parameters generally fall within permissible limits according to WHO and ANSA standards. However, certain wells exhibited elevated levels of chemical and bacteriological contaminants. Specifically, Magnesium concentrations exceeded the WHO guideline of 30 mg/L in all of the samples, and Calcium levels surpassed the recommended limit of 75 mg/L in 53% of the samples. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 33.33% of the samples, while fecal coliform bacteria were within the WHO and ANSA permissible limit for drinking water. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) suggested significant correlations between EC, TDS, and total hardness with other physical and chemical parameters. For instance, EC showed a strong positive correlation ( = 1.00) with TDS, EC and Salinity ( = 0.981), EC and Fluoride ( = 0.838) EC and Sulfate ( = 0.853), TDS and Salinity ( = 0. 981), TDS and Fluoride ( = 0.838), TDS and Sulfate ( = 0.853). The findings demonstrate that correlation coefficient analyses of water quality parameters provide a valuable means for monitoring water quality. These results offer critical insights for ensuring a safe water supply in the region.
在阿富汗，地下水被广泛用于饮用水，但它的质量对健康构成威胁。本研究调查了上喀布尔子流域地下水的物理、化学和细菌学特征。从研究区域的不同部位采集并分析了 15 个样本。对 pH 值、电导率 (EC)、总溶解固体 (TDS)、盐度、总硬度、钙、镁、钠、氯、氟化物、硫酸盐、磷酸盐、钾、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、氨、铁、锰、铜、铝、砷、总大肠菌群和粪便大肠菌群等参数进行了定性测定。将分析结果与世界卫生组织 (WHO) 和安大略省标准 (ANSA) 进行了比较，以评估其是否适合饮用。分析结果表明，根据世界卫生组织 (WHO) 和安大略省标准 (ANSA)，物理参数一般在允许范围内。然而，某些水井的化学和细菌污染物含量较高。具体来说，所有样本的镁浓度均超过世界卫生组织 30mg/L 的指导值，53%的样本的钙水平超过 75mg/L 的推荐限值。33.33%的样本中检测到总大肠菌群，而粪便大肠菌群在世界卫生组织和安大略省的饮用水允许范围内。皮尔逊相关系数 (R) 表明，EC、TDS 和总硬度与其他物理和化学参数之间存在显著相关性。例如，EC 与 TDS 呈强正相关 (r=1.00)，与 EC 和盐度 (r=0.981)、EC 和氟化物 (r=0.838)、EC 和硫酸盐 (r=0.853) 呈强正相关，TDS 与盐度呈强正相关 (r=0.981)、TDS 与氟化物 (r=0.838)、TDS 与硫酸盐 (r=0.853)。研究结果表明，水质参数的相关系数分析为监测水质提供了一种有价值的方法。这些结果为确保该地区安全供水提供了重要的见解。
