Department of Environmental Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
Department of Water Supply and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan.
Environ Monit Assess. 2022 Aug 16;194(10):673. doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10340-0.
Groundwater stands as a unique source of water supply in Kabul city, Afghanistan. In this investigation, 35 samples of groundwater were comprehensively analyzed to determine its hydrogeochemical characterizations, quality, water types, and its acceptability as drinking sources. A portable digital multiparameter instrument (LAB MAN Scientific instrument) was used to measure the total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), and electrical conductivity (EC). Total hardness, chloride, and bicarbonate were examined via a titrimetric approach. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were measured with a flame photometer. Fluoride was determined by using a digital portable multiparameter. UV-VIS spectrophotometers were employed to count sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The distribution pattern of measured parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in groundwater were spatially modeled utilizing the ArcGIS tool. The findings provide insight into the main anions and cations, which are found in ascending sequence F < NO < SO < Cl < HCO and K < Ca < Na < Mg, respectively. Based on the measurements of ion concentrations, bicarbonate (71.4%), chloride (14.28%), nitrate (2.85%), magnesium (80%), sodium (82.85%), calcium (5.71%), and potassium (17.14%) were all determined to be over the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of drinking water. Using the Piper trilinear diagram, two significant hydrochemical facies (CaNaHCO and NaHCO) were discovered. Based on the mathematical model of WQI outputs, 88.57% of the research region has excellent to good water, whereas 11.43% has poor to very poor water.
地下水是阿富汗喀布尔市独特的供水来源。在这项研究中，对 35 个地下水样本进行了综合分析，以确定其水文地球化学特征、水质、水类型以及作为饮用水源的适宜性。使用便携式数字多参数仪器（LAB MAN 科学仪器）测量总溶解固体（TDS）、氢离子潜力（pH）和电导率（EC）。通过滴定法检查总硬度、氯和碳酸氢盐。使用火焰光度计测量钠、钙、镁和钾的浓度。通过数字便携式多参数仪测定氟化物。使用 UV-VIS 分光光度计测定硫酸盐和硝酸盐的浓度。利用 ArcGIS 工具对测量参数的分布模式和地下水的水质指数（WQI）进行空间建模。研究结果提供了主要阴离子和阳离子的分布情况，其浓度依次为 F < NO < SO < Cl < HCO，K < Ca < Na < Mg。根据离子浓度的测量结果，碳酸氢盐（71.4%）、氯化物（14.28%）、硝酸盐（2.85%）、镁（80%）、钠（82.85%）、钙（5.71%）和钾（17.14%）均超过世界卫生组织（WHO）饮用水标准。利用 Piper 三线图，发现了两种重要的水化学相（CaNaHCO 和 NaHCO）。根据 WQI 输出的数学模型，研究区域 88.57%的水为优至良好，11.43%的水为差至极差。
