Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina (CBQF), Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Wine Biotechnology (IWBT), Department of Viticulture and Oenology (DVO), University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Cork Supply Portugal, S.A., Rua Nova do Fial 102, 4535 São Paio de Oleiros, Portugal.
Environ Res. 2024 Dec 1;262(Pt 1):119805. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119805. Epub 2024 Aug 17.
PFAS, known as "forever" compounds, are prevalent in various environments, including soils and aquatic systems, due to extensive usage. Surface waters in several European countries, especially marinas and ports with high boat traffic, require further study as potential contamination sources. Reliable methods for the extraction and quantification of these emergent compounds are essential. This study aimed to improve an existent solid phase extraction method to analyse marinas and ports' surface waters with variable salinities (2, 9 and 17 PSU). The objectives were to: 1) optimise the solid phase extraction method, considering matrix salinity effects and cross-contaminations, 2) validate the extraction and quantification method of 18 EPA 537.1 PFAS in estuarine surface waters, using the Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Quadrupole Time - Of - Flight - Tandem Mass spectrometry, and 3) apply the optimised method for PFAS quantification in three Portuguese marinas. All ICH criteria were successfully validated considering 9 PSU. Limits of quantification ranged from 117.80 ng/L to 385 ng/L, except for PFHpA (645.85 ng/L). PFAS levels (PFOA, HFPO-DA, PFBS, PFHxS and PFOS) were relatively low, reaching a maximum of 0.32 ng/L only for the PFOA. In Freixo marina, total average concentrations were slightly higher (∑PFAS = 1.02 ng/L) when compared to the ones found in Cais da Ribeira Port (∑PFAS = 0.94 ng/L) and Afurada marina (∑PFAS = 0.81 ng/L). PFOS concentrations are below the limit values set by the Environmental Quality Standards (36000 ng/L of PFOS for inland surface water, respectively), similar to other Portuguese river studies. This study enabled the development of a precise and reliable extraction and quantification method to quantify PFAS in estuarine surface waters, particularly from marinas. This method can be readily applied to analyse PFAS in other estuarine samples.
全氟和多氟化合物（PFAS）被称为“永久”化合物，由于广泛使用，它们在土壤和水生系统等各种环境中普遍存在。一些欧洲国家的地表水，特别是船只交通繁忙的码头和港口，需要进一步研究，以确定其是否为潜在的污染来源。提取和定量这些新兴化合物的可靠方法至关重要。本研究旨在改进一种现有的固相萃取方法，以分析不同盐度（2、9 和 17 PSU）的码头和港口地表水。研究目的是：1）优化固相萃取方法，考虑基质盐度效应和交叉污染；2）利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间串联质谱法，验证 EPA537.1 号 18 种全氟和多氟化合物在河口地表水的提取和定量方法；3）将优化后的方法应用于三个葡萄牙码头的全氟和多氟化合物定量分析。所有 ICH 标准均成功通过 9 PSU 验证。定量下限范围为 117.80ng/L 至 385ng/L，除了 PFHpA（645.85ng/L）。全氟和多氟化合物（PFOA、HFPO-DA、PFBS、PFHxS 和 PFOS）水平相对较低，只有 PFOA 达到 0.32ng/L 的最高浓度。在 Freixo 码头，总平均浓度略高（∑PFAS=1.02ng/L），而 Ribeira 港 Cais 码头（∑PFAS=0.94ng/L）和 Afurada 码头（∑PFAS=0.81ng/L）则较低。PFOS 浓度低于环境质量标准（内陆地表水分别为 36000ng/L 的 PFOS）设定的限值，与其他葡萄牙河流研究相似。本研究开发了一种精确可靠的提取和定量方法，可用于定量河口地表水，特别是码头和港口地表水的全氟和多氟化合物。该方法可直接应用于分析其他河口样本中的全氟和多氟化合物。
