Carbapenem Resistance in Complex Isolates From Kathmandu Model Hospital, Nepal, Is Attributed to the Presence of and Genes.

The (ACB) complex, also known as ACB complex, consists of four bacterial species that can cause opportunistic infections in humans, especially in hospital settings. Conventional therapies for susceptible strains of the ACB complex include broad-spectrum cephalosporins, -lactam/-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenems. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of these antibiotics has declined due to increasing rates of resistance. The predominant resistance mechanisms identified in the ACB complex involve carbapenem-resistant (CR) oxacillinases and metallo--lactamases (MBLs). This research, conducted at Kathmandu Model Hospital in Nepal, sought to identify genes associated with CR, specifically NDM-1, OXA-23-like, and OXA-24-like genes in carbapenem-resistant (CR-ACB) complex. Additionally, the study is aimed at identifying the ACB complex through the sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene. Among the 992 samples collected from hospitalized patients, 43 (approximately 4.334%) tested positive for the ACB complex. These positive samples were mainly obtained from different hospital units, including intensive care units (ICUs); cabins; and neonatal, general, and maternity wards. The prevalence of infection was higher among males (58.14%) than females (41.86%), with the 40-50 age group showing the highest infection rate. In susceptibility testing, colistin and polymyxin B exhibited a susceptibility rate of 100%, whereas all samples showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. After polymyxins, gentamicin (30.23%) and amikacin (34.88%) demonstrated the highest susceptibility. A substantial majority (81.45%) of ACB complex isolates displayed resistance to carbapenems, with respiratory and pus specimens being the primary sources. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that the primary CR gene within the ACB complex at this hospital was , followed by . To ensure the accuracy of the phenotypic assessment, 12 samples were chosen for 16s rRNA sequencing using Illumina MiSeq™ to confirm that they are species. QIIME 2.0 analysis confirmed all 12 isolates to be species. In the hospital setting, a substantial portion of the ACB complex carries CR genes, rendering carbapenem ineffective for treatment.