van der Hoeven J C
Princess Takamatsu Symp. 1985;16:119-37.
Various food products of plant origin were investigated for the occurrence of natural mutagens using the Salmonella/microsome assay. In general, food plants were freeze-dried and subsequently extracted with a number of solvents. Solvents were evaporated and the residues obtained were tested for mutagenicity. In addition to S9-mix, gut flora extracts were applied for metabolic activation. From bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) a novel mutagen, designated Aquilide A, was isolated and its chemical structure was identified. Aquilide A requires activation to become mutagenic. This activation occurs spontaneously at pH levels above 6-7. Activated Aquilide A was found to be genotoxic in cultured mammalian cells. Natural mutagens were detected in 4 out of 6 vegetables investigated. In addition, broad beans (Vicia faba) were found to be mutagenic after treatment with nitrite. All mutagenic vegetables showed marked intercultivar variations. From lettuce and string beans quercetin was isolated (after chemical hydrolysis) and in rhubarb emodin, an anthraquinon, was detected. The mutagenic activity of these two compounds was further investigated using cultured mammalian cells. Quercetin and emodin responded negative or weakly positive in the systems applied. The genotoxic properties of a number of pyrrolizidin alkaloids, which are reported to occur in various flowering plants and as a result occur in honey and some herbal preparations, were studied using a cocultivation system of V79 Chinese hamster cells and primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes (PCCEH/V79). All four pyrrolizidine alkaloids investigated were found to be potent inducers of SCEs in this test system. Anti-mutagenic effects of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) were detected using the PCCEH/V79 cocultivation system. This indicates that the cocultivation system described can be a valuable tool for the screening of various products for potential anti-carcinogenic properties. Extracts of lettuce and string beans, and a number of natural chemicals were found to reduce the mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate and benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) as detected in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Intercultivar variation with respect to the antimutagenic activity observed was less pronounced than the variation noted for the mutagenic activity of these vegetables. Measures which may result in a reduction of the exposure to a number of natural mutagens are discussed.
利用沙门氏菌/微粒体试验，对各种植物源性食品进行了天然诱变剂的检测。一般来说，将食用植物冷冻干燥，随后用多种溶剂进行提取。溶剂蒸发后，对所得残渣进行诱变活性检测。除了S9混合液外，还应用肠道菌群提取物进行代谢活化。从蕨菜（Pteridium aquilinum）中分离出一种新型诱变剂，命名为Aquilide A，并确定了其化学结构。Aquilide A需要活化才能具有诱变活性。这种活化在pH值高于6 - 7时自发发生。活化后的Aquilide A在培养的哺乳动物细胞中具有遗传毒性。在所检测的6种蔬菜中，有4种检测到了天然诱变剂。此外，发现蚕豆（Vicia faba）经亚硝酸盐处理后具有诱变活性。所有具有诱变活性的蔬菜都表现出明显的品种间差异。从生菜和四季豆中分离出了槲皮素（化学水解后），在大黄中检测到了蒽醌类物质大黄素。使用培养的哺乳动物细胞进一步研究了这两种化合物的诱变活性。槲皮素和大黄素在所应用的系统中呈阴性或弱阳性反应。使用V79中国仓鼠细胞和鸡胚肝细胞原代培养物的共培养系统（PCCEH/V79），研究了多种据报道存在于各种开花植物中、因而也存在于蜂蜜和一些草药制剂中的吡咯里西啶生物碱的遗传毒性特性。在所研究的4种吡咯里西啶生物碱在该测试系统中均被发现是姐妹染色单体交换（SCE）的强效诱导剂。使用PCCEH/V79共培养系统检测到了丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）和吲哚 - 3 - 甲醇（I3C）的抗诱变作用。这表明所描述的共培养系统可成为筛选各种产品潜在抗癌特性的有价值工具。在沙门氏菌/微粒体试验中，发现生菜和四季豆提取物以及一些天然化学物质可降低香烟烟雾浓缩物和苯并（a）芘（BaP）的诱变活性。观察到的抗诱变活性的品种间差异不如这些蔬菜诱变活性的差异那么明显。文中讨论了可能减少接触多种天然诱变剂的措施。
