Neto Vanessa, Leitão Catarina, Estrela Marta, Fardilha Margarida, Herdeiro Maria Teresa, Nunes Alexandra
Department of Medical Sciences (DCM), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2025;65(24):4634-4650. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2393201. Epub 2024 Aug 20.
Nodular thyroid pathologies (NThyPs) are prevalent thyroid diseases, with a steadily increasing global incidence. Although their exact causes remain uncertain, various modifying factors, such as nutrition, influence their development. We aimed to systematically identify and synthesize the influence of dietary exposures on NThyPs risk. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched on June 14, 2024, to identify relevant studies. Data extraction included study characteristics, sociodemographic factors, dietary intake assessments and exposures, and NThyPs subtypes. Out of 14,730 articles retrieved, 55 observational or experimental studies, in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, that assessed nutrition's impact on NThyPs were included, excluding non-human studies, reviews, meta-analyses, and publications outside the study's scope. Forty studies investigated how distinct dietary patterns, macronutrients, minerals, and vitamins contributed to or mitigated NThyPs development. Fish and seafood, vegetables and fruits, and meat were other dietary exposures investigated. In fourteen of previously selected studies, drink consumption was also addressed. This systematic review (CRD420234003439) suggests that reducing processed foods, sugars, meat, and dietary iodine lowers NThyPs risk, while coffee, tea, alcohol, and dairy products demonstrates potential protective roles. Fish and seafood, and fruits and vegetables also exhibit protective properties; nevertheless, further research is necessary to establish definitive conclusions.
结节性甲状腺病变（NThyPs）是常见的甲状腺疾病，全球发病率呈稳步上升趋势。尽管其确切病因尚不确定，但多种调节因素，如营养，会影响其发展。我们旨在系统地识别和综合饮食暴露对NThyPs风险的影响。于2024年6月14日检索了PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science和EMBASE，以识别相关研究。数据提取包括研究特征、社会人口学因素、饮食摄入评估和暴露情况以及NThyPs亚型。在检索到的14730篇文章中，纳入了55项以英文、西班牙文或葡萄牙文发表的观察性或实验性研究，这些研究评估了营养对NThyPs的影响，排除了非人类研究、综述、荟萃分析以及超出研究范围的出版物。40项研究调查了不同的饮食模式、宏量营养素、矿物质和维生素如何促进或减轻NThyPs的发展。鱼类和海鲜、蔬菜和水果以及肉类是其他被研究的饮食暴露因素。在之前选定的14项研究中，还涉及了饮品消费情况。本系统综述（CRD420234003439）表明，减少加工食品、糖、肉类和膳食碘可降低NThyPs风险，而咖啡、茶、酒精和乳制品显示出潜在的保护作用。鱼类和海鲜以及水果和蔬菜也具有保护特性；然而，需要进一步研究以得出明确结论。
