Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Oct;278(Pt 3):134893. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134893. Epub 2024 Aug 20.
Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) is a plant in tropical Asia with proven biological activities. The optimized extraction method of C. nutans crude polysaccharide (CNP) uses water in the presence of an ultrasound-assisted mechanical method (UL_CNP). However, the use of UL_CNP for the synthesis and optimization of silver nanoparticles (AgNP), particularly their anticancer and photocatalytic properties, remains unexplored. Hence, this research aimed to employ a green method using UL_CNP and silver nitrate to produce AgNP (UL_AgNP) with a small size and assess its potential toxicity, anticancer, and photocatalytic activities. The synthesis condition was optimized using the Box-Behnken design method. The synthesized UL_AgNP showed the surface plasmon resonance peak at 458 nm. The optimized synthesis condition produced spherically shaped UL_AgNP with a size of 5.21 ± 1.92 nm and a zeta potential of -26.33 ± 0.93 mV. An X-ray diffraction analysis exhibited intense Bragg's reflection peaks at (111), (200), (220), and (311), having a face-centered cubic structure of AgNP. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of silver in the synthesized UL_AgNP. The brine shrimp lethality test of UL_AgNP reported a lethal concentration 50 value of <7.8 μg/mL after 24 h. The UL_AgNP exhibited antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 4.96 ± 0.31 μg/mL by inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest, apoptotic effect, and reduction of cell migration. Furthermore, UL_AgNP proved its efficient photocatalytic activity against methylene blue dye (50.22 % ± 0.06 %, after 10 min at a concentration of 50 μg/mL). Therefore, the UL_AgNP exhibited promising antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells, highlighting their potential as a therapeutic agent. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the precise mechanism of their action.
狼牙棒（Clinacanthus nutans）是亚洲热带地区的一种植物，具有已证实的生物活性。狼牙棒粗多糖（CNP）的优化提取方法是在超声辅助机械方法（UL_CNP）存在下用水。然而，使用 UL_CNP 来合成和优化银纳米粒子（AgNP），特别是它们的抗癌和光催化特性，尚未得到探索。因此，本研究旨在使用绿色方法，即使用 UL_CNP 和硝酸银来制备具有小尺寸的 AgNP（UL_AgNP），并评估其潜在毒性、抗癌和光催化活性。使用 Box-Behnken 设计方法优化合成条件。合成的 UL_AgNP 在 458nm 处显示出表面等离子体共振峰。优化的合成条件产生了具有 5.21±1.92nm 尺寸和-26.33±0.93mV 表面电位的球形 UL_AgNP。X 射线衍射分析显示，AgNP 具有面心立方结构，具有强烈的 Bragg 反射峰（111）、（200）、（220）和（311）。衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱和能量色散 X 射线能谱进一步证实了合成的 UL_AgNP 中存在银。UL_AgNP 的卤虫致死试验报告，24 小时后 LC50 值<7.8μg/mL。UL_AgNP 通过诱导 S 期细胞周期阻滞、凋亡作用和减少细胞迁移，对 MCF-7 细胞表现出抗增殖活性，半最大抑制浓度值为 4.96±0.31μg/mL。此外，UL_AgNP 对亚甲基蓝染料表现出有效的光催化活性（浓度为 50μg/mL 时，10 分钟后为 50.22%±0.06%）。因此，UL_AgNP 对 MCF-7 细胞表现出有希望的抗增殖活性，突出了它们作为治疗剂的潜力。需要进一步的研究来阐明其作用的确切机制。
