Büttner Christiane M, Ren Dongning, Stavrova Olga, Rudert Selma C, Williams Kipling D, Greifeneder Rainer
Department of Social Psychology, University of Basel.
Department of Applied Social Psychology, Maastricht University.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2024 Aug 22. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000471.
Ostracism-being ignored and excluded-is part of many individuals' daily lives. Yet, ostracism is often studied in laboratory settings and rarely in natural settings. Here, we report one of the first investigations into ostracism in everyday life by documenting how often and where ostracism occurs; who the sources of ostracism are; and how ostracism affects targets' feelings and behaviors. Two experience sampling studies using event-contingent ( = 323, = 1,107 ostracism experiences in 14 days) and time-signaling sampling approaches ( = 272, = 7,943 assessments including 767 ostracism experiences in 7 days) show that ostracism is an aversive experience that takes place in a range of contexts and relationships, as often as two to three times per week on average. Reconciling previously mixed findings regarding ostracism's effects on behavior and extending existing theory, we propose a novel framework of behavioral reactions based on need-threat levels: When psychological needs are severely threatened, individuals react to everyday ostracism with avoidance (i.e., withdrawal) and antisocial inclinations (i.e., they exhibit significantly stronger antisocial intentions, although they do not engage in antisocial behavior more frequently). Conversely, when psychological needs are threatened to a lesser extent, individuals are more likely to adopt approach behaviors (i.e., prosocial behavior, talking to others, or connecting with them on social media). Our findings considerably extend present theorizing in ostracism research as they allow to understand when and how individuals experience everyday ostracism and how behavioral reactions after ostracism form in real life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
被忽视和排斥——即被社会孤立——是许多人日常生活的一部分。然而，对被社会孤立的研究通常是在实验室环境中进行的，很少在自然环境中开展。在此，我们通过记录被社会孤立发生的频率和地点、孤立的来源以及被社会孤立如何影响被孤立者的感受和行为，首次对日常生活中的被社会孤立现象进行了调查。两项体验抽样研究分别采用事件依存抽样法（样本量n = 323，在14天内有1107次被社会孤立体验）和时间信号抽样法（样本量n = 272，在7天内有7943次评估，其中包括767次被社会孤立体验），结果表明，被社会孤立是一种令人厌恶的体验，它发生在一系列情境和人际关系中，平均每周发生两到三次。为了调和先前关于被社会孤立对行为影响的不一致研究结果，并扩展现有理论，我们基于需求威胁水平提出了一个关于行为反应的新框架：当心理需求受到严重威胁时，个体对日常被社会孤立的反应是回避（即退缩）和产生反社会倾向（即他们表现出明显更强的反社会意图，尽管他们并没有更频繁地实施反社会行为）。相反，当心理需求受到的威胁较小程度时，个体更有可能采取接近行为（即亲社会行为、与他人交谈或在社交媒体上与他们建立联系）。我们的研究结果极大地扩展了当前关于被社会孤立研究的理论，因为它们有助于理解个体何时以及如何经历日常被社会孤立，以及在现实生活中被社会孤立后的行为反应是如何形成的。（《心理学文摘数据库记录》（c）2024美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
