Unveiling promising phytocompounds from Moringa oleifera as dual inhibitors of EGFR and VEGFR-2 in non-small cell lung cancer through in silico screening, ADMET, dynamics simulation, and DFT analysis.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is among the main causes of mortality from cancer around the globe, affecting all genders. Current treatments mainly focus on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, resistance mechanisms, such as the emergence of T790M and C797S EGFR mutations and upregulation of VEGFR-2, often hinder the effectiveness of TKIs. Thereby, EGFR and VEGFR-2 present an intriguing opportunity for the treatment of NSCLC by developing dual-acting drugs. This research aims to evaluate prospective Moringa oleifera L. (MO)-originated compounds to efficiently block both of these receptors. In our research, we screened a library of 200 compounds sourced from MO, a plant known for its remarkable therapeutic potential. We identified five intriguing phytocompounds: hesperetin, gossypetin, quercetin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin, as potential anti-cancer agents. The compounds have demonstrated notable binding affinity in virtual screening and multi-stage molecular docking analysis, surpassing the controls, Erlotinib and Bevacizumab + Rituximab. In addition, these compounds demonstrate top-notch drug-likeness and ADMET properties. The five promising drug candidates also had a strong ability to bind to receptors and stayed stable with them during the 200 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MM-GBSA calculation. Furthermore, DFT analysis indicates that hesperetin, gossypetin, and quercetagetin stand out as the most promising drug candidates among all others. The findings of our study suggest that these three therapeutic candidates can precisely target both EGFR and VEGFR-2 and can potentially act on both of these pathways as a single agent.