van Baak Carlijn, Hoeben Evelien M, Liebst Lasse Suonperä, Weenink Don, Lindegaard Marie Rosenkrantz
Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J Interpers Violence. 2025 May;40(9-10):2205-2233. doi: 10.1177/08862605241270051. Epub 2024 Aug 24.
Previous research suggests that bystanders of conflicts use a range of intervention strategies. Yet, much less is known about other actions-beyond intervention-that bystanders might engage in during conflicts. Further, while prior studies reveal that gender differences emerge in bystander behavior, few studies have assessed the ecological validity of such potential differences in bystander actions during real-life conflicts. Addressing this concern, we systematically observed the diverse bystander behaviors of individuals presenting as men and women in real-life public conflicts captured on CCTV. We observed 67 public conflicts in the inner city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Using a qualitative approach, we first identified the broad spectrum of actions that bystanders engaged in. We then ran linear probability models to examine the relationship between bystander's gender presentation and bystanders' engagement in seven bystander actions ( = 1,959), followed by a multimodel analysis to test the robustness of these findings. Results indicate that bystanders engaged in a diversity of actions, ranging from inattentive (i.e., glancing while moving) and reactive actions (e.g., laughing) to physical forms of intervention. Unexpectedly, women were more likely to engage in affiliative forms of intervention (e.g., calming hand gestures, non-forceful touching, and practical help). In addition to physical intervention, men were more likely to react to conflicts by laughing, filming, or cheering. The only type of action that was more typical among women than men was inattention (i.e., glancing while moving). Our results show that bystander behavior in public space is carried out in gendered ways, albeit in a less clear-cut manner than expected.
先前的研究表明，冲突的旁观者会使用一系列干预策略。然而，对于旁观者在冲突期间可能采取的干预之外的其他行动，我们知之甚少。此外，虽然先前的研究表明旁观者行为存在性别差异，但很少有研究评估在现实生活冲突中旁观者行为这种潜在差异的生态效度。为了解决这一问题，我们系统地观察了在荷兰阿姆斯特丹市中心的现实生活公共冲突中以男性和女性形象出现的个体的不同旁观者行为。我们观察了荷兰阿姆斯特丹市中心的67起公共冲突。我们采用定性方法，首先确定了旁观者参与的广泛行动范围。然后，我们运行线性概率模型来检验旁观者的性别表现与旁观者参与七种旁观者行为（n = 1959）之间的关系，随后进行多模型分析以检验这些结果的稳健性。结果表明，旁观者参与了各种各样的行动，从不注意（即边走边瞥）和反应性行动（如大笑）到身体形式的干预。出乎意料的是，女性更有可能采取亲和形式的干预（如安抚手势、非强制性触摸和实际帮助）。除了身体干预外，男性更有可能通过大笑、拍摄或欢呼来对冲突做出反应。女性比男性更典型的唯一一种行动类型是不注意（即边走边瞥）。我们的结果表明，公共空间中的旁观者行为是以性别化的方式进行的，尽管其方式比预期的要模糊一些。
