da Cunha Neto Joao, Pereira Dos Santos Lucas Meciano, Issa João Paulo Mardegan
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, SP, Brazil.
Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2024 Aug 24. doi: 10.1007/s12024-024-00870-z.
Understanding that a projectile entering the human body can cause damage or destruction to live tissues through a variety of wounding mechanisms - permanent cavity, temporary cavity, and fragmentation - is crucial for researching terminal ballistics and understand the patterns of gunshot wound configuration.
The present work tested four different types of ammunition in caliber 9 × 19 mm (Full Metal Jacketed, Gold Hex, Copper Bullet Tactical and Bonded), using ballistic gelatin at 10% as soft tissue surrogate. The tests were based on the Federal Bureau of Investigation Protocol and included shots through bare gelatin, heavy clothing, plywood, steel sheets and auto glass. As a comparison parameter, the American-made Federal™ HST, used by several law enforcement agencies in the USA, was also tested in the same conditions.
The Full Metal Jacketed cartridge had a uniform performance throughout the experiment, showing high penetration levels and no expansion, as expected. Gold Hex demonstrated a strong tendency to fragment with low levels of penetration and weight retention. Copper Bullet Tactical did not achieve the 12" minimum penetration in the soft barrier phases but expanded aggressively. Finally, Bonded only failed to achieve the 12" mark of penetration in phase 5 (auto glass), the hardest barrier in the whole Protocol. Tested for comparison purposes, Federal HST showed aggressive expansion in the initial phases (over 100%), after surpassing the 12" threshold.
The study concluded that heavier projectiles (CBC Bonded and Federal HST) performed better than lighter and faster bullets in terms of terminal ballistics.
了解射弹进入人体后可通过多种致伤机制（永久性空腔、暂时性空腔和破碎）对活体组织造成损伤或破坏，对于研究终点弹道学和理解枪伤形态模式至关重要。
本研究使用10%的弹道明胶作为软组织替代物，测试了四种不同类型的9×19毫米口径弹药（全金属被甲弹、金色六角弹、铜质战术弹和粘结弹）。测试基于联邦调查局的协议，包括对裸露明胶、厚重衣物、胶合板、钢板和汽车玻璃进行射击。作为比较参数，美国几家执法机构使用的美国制造的联邦™ HST也在相同条件下进行了测试。
全金属被甲弹在整个实验过程中表现均匀，如预期的那样显示出高穿透水平且无扩张。金色六角弹表现出强烈的破碎倾向，穿透水平低且重量保留率低。铜质战术弹在软屏障阶段未达到12英寸的最低穿透要求，但扩张剧烈。最后，粘结弹仅在第5阶段（汽车玻璃）未达到12英寸的穿透标记，汽车玻璃是整个协议中最难的屏障。为作比较而测试的联邦HST在超过12英寸阈值后的初始阶段表现出剧烈扩张（超过100%）。
该研究得出结论，就终点弹道学而言，较重的射弹（CBC粘结弹和联邦HST）比较轻且速度较快的子弹表现更好。
