Mechanisms of Luteolin Against Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid. The effectiveness of luteolin-rich drugs in treating gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) through traditional Chinese medicine has been demonstrated. This study aimed to identify the potential targets and mechanisms of action of luteolin for the treatment of GERD. An innovative approach combining network pharmacology and molecular dynamics was used to explore the potential therapeutic mechanisms of luteolin and to facilitate the further development of GERD treatment. Drug and disease target information was screened from public databases to obtain 159 intersecting targets through the construction of Venn diagrams. Subsequently, a protein‒protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and 10 core targets were identified. Through Gene Ontology (GO) functional and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, relevant biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions related to the treatment of GERD were identified and revealed. KEGG pathway analyses showed enrichment of signaling pathways, including the TNF, IL-17, NF-kappa B, and Toll-like receptor pathways. The molecular docking results indicated that luteolin can effectively bind to 10 core targets. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the formation of stable protein‒ligand complexes when IL6 binds to luteolin. In conclusion, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to investigate the mechanism by which luteolin treats GERD. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for future research on the efficacy of luteolin in treating GERD.