Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Nov 15;361:124810. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124810. Epub 2024 Aug 23.
One of the sources of chronic exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTE), especially in polluted environments, is the inhalation of resuspended road dust (RD). The aim of this study is to assess the inhalation bioaccessibility of PTE in RD from highly polluted environments from mining/smelting industries and traffic, and to identify any correlations between the bioaccessibility fraction of PTE and the physicochemical characteristics of the particles. RD from the studied area contains extremely high total concentrations of Cr, V, and Mn, which are likely due to pollution from the smelting industry. Additionally, elevated total concentrations of other elements associated with traffic emissions including Zn, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Sn were also measured. The bioaccessibility of PTE was assessed using two synthetic extraction solutions - Gamble's solution (GS) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF). The majority of elements showed negligible bioaccessibility in GS. However, quite high inhalation bioaccessibility was observed for Zn, Pb, Sb, Cd, and Mn in the ALF solution, with a mean bioaccessible fraction of 49, 51.5, 41, 50, and 40% respectively. The highest bioavailable fraction was measured for Cd (97%) in a sample collected near a steel production facility and for Pb (95%) in a sample collected near the highway. These results indicate that increased mobility of the elements in inhaled particles occurs only in the case of phagocytosis. The lowest inhalation bioavailability was measured for Cr (mean is 3%). Differential individual particle analysis revealed that about 60% of phases, mostly major (Cr,Ti,V)-bearing metallic alloys, silicates, oxides and sulphides, are stable in ALF solution, while 40% of phases, mostly (Fe,Ca,Mn)-bearing oxides, silicates, sulphides, metals and metallic alloys originating from steel production, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon and vanadium production and from traffic emissions have been heavily corroded or completely dissolved. The study provides valuable information to further assess health hazards from various emission sources.
道路扬尘（RD）是潜在有毒元素（PTE）慢性暴露的来源之一，特别是在污染环境中。本研究旨在评估来自采矿/冶炼和交通等高度污染环境中的 RD 中 PTE 的吸入生物可给性，并确定 PTE 的生物可给性分数与颗粒的物理化学特性之间的任何相关性。研究区域的 RD 中含有极高的 Cr、V 和 Mn 总量浓度，这可能是由于冶炼工业的污染所致。此外，还测量了与交通排放有关的其他元素的总浓度升高，包括 Zn、Cu、Pb、Sb 和 Sn。使用两种合成提取溶液——甘贝尔溶液（GS）和人工溶酶体液（ALF）评估 PTE 的生物可给性。大多数元素在 GS 中的生物可给性可忽略不计。然而，在 ALF 溶液中观察到 Zn、Pb、Sb、Cd 和 Mn 具有相当高的吸入生物可给性，平均生物可给性分数分别为 49%、51.5%、41%、50%和 40%。在靠近钢铁生产设施的样本中，Cd 的生物可给性最高（97%），在靠近高速公路的样本中，Pb 的生物可给性最高（95%）。这些结果表明，只有在吞噬作用的情况下，吸入颗粒中的元素才会增加迁移性。Cr 的吸入生物可给性最低（平均值为 3%）。差分式单个颗粒分析表明，约 60%的相，主要是含（Cr、Ti、V）的金属合金、硅酸盐、氧化物和硫化物，在 ALF 溶液中稳定，而 40%的相，主要是（Fe、Ca、Mn）-含氧化物、硅酸盐、硫化物、金属和源自钢铁生产、铬铁、硅铁和钒生产以及交通排放的金属合金已严重腐蚀或完全溶解。该研究提供了有价值的信息，以进一步评估来自各种排放源的健康危害。
