Insights into the regulatory role of epigenetics in moyamoya disease: Current advances and future prospectives.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disorder that predominantly affecting East Asian populations. The intricate interplay of distinct and overlapping mechanisms, including genetic associations such as the RNF213-p.R4810K variant, contributes to the steno-occlusive lesions and moyamoya vessels. However, genetic mutations alone do not fully elucidate the occurrence of MMD, suggesting a potential role for epigenetic factors. Accruing evidence has unveiled the regulatory role of epigenetic markers, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), in regulating pivotal cellular and molecular processes implicated in the pathogenesis of MMD by modulating endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The profile of these epigenetic markers in cerebral vasculatures and circulation has been determined to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the multifaceted effects of modulating specific epigenetic markers on MMD pathogenesis. These findings hold great potential for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets, translational studies, and clinical applications. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNAs, in the context of MMD. Furthermore, we discuss the potential challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in this rapidly evolving field.