Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Department of Psychiatry, CHA University Ilsan Medical Center, Goyang, Korea.
J Korean Med Sci. 2024 Aug 26;39(33):e233. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e233.
It is unclear how exposure to and perception of community trauma creates a mental health burden. This study aimed to examine the psychological distress trends among community residents in acute stress reaction, acute stress disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder phases following the Seoul Halloween crowd crush.
A three-wave repeated cross-sectional survey was conducted with participants after the incident. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with post hoc Bonferroni test was adopted to examine temporal changes in psychological distress and psychological outcomes resulting from media impacts. A two-way ANCOVA was adopted to examine the interaction effects of time and relevance to victims on psychological distress.
A total of 807, 1,703, and 2,220 individuals participated in the three waves. Anxiety (estimated mean [standard error of the mean]: 2.28 [0.03] vs. 2.12 [0.02] vs. 2.03 [0.02]; < 0.001), depression (2.22 [0.03] vs. 2.01 [0.02] vs. 1.90 [0.02]; < 0.001), and anger (2.70 [0.03] vs. 2.66 [0.02] vs. 2.49 [0.02]; < 0.001) gradually improved. However, sense of safety initially worsened and did not recover well (2.96 [0.03] vs. 2.75 [0.02] vs. 2.77 [0.02]; < 0.001). The interaction effect of time and relevance to the victim were significant in depression ( for interaction = 0.049), anger ( for interaction = 0.016), and sense of safety ( for interaction = 0.004). Among participants unrelated to the victim, those exposed to graphics exhibited higher levels of anxiety (2.09 [0.02] vs. 1.87 [0.07]; = 0.002), depression (1.99 [0.02] vs. 1.83 [0.07]; = 0.020), and anger (2.71 [0.03] vs. 2.47 [0.08]; = 0.003) at W2 and higher anger (2.49 [0.02] vs. 2.31 [0.06]; = 0.005) at W3.
Community residents indirectly exposed to trauma also experienced psychological distress in the early stages after the incident. A significant impact of media which might have served as a conduit for unfiltered graphics and rumors was also indicated.
目前尚不清楚接触和感知社区创伤如何给人们带来心理健康负担。本研究旨在调查在首尔万圣节踩踏事件后，处于急性应激反应、急性应激障碍和创伤后应激障碍阶段的社区居民的心理困扰趋势。
在事件发生后，对参与者进行了三次重复横断面调查。采用协方差分析（ANCOVA），并用事后 Bonferroni 检验来检验媒体影响造成的心理困扰和心理结果的时间变化。采用双向协方差分析来检验时间和与受害者的相关性对心理困扰的交互效应。
共有 807、1703 和 2220 人参加了这三次调查。焦虑（估计平均[标准误差]：2.28[0.03]比 2.12[0.02]比 2.03[0.02]；<0.001）、抑郁（2.22[0.03]比 2.01[0.02]比 1.90[0.02]；<0.001）和愤怒（2.70[0.03]比 2.66[0.02]比 2.49[0.02]；<0.001）逐渐改善。然而，安全感最初恶化，且恢复不佳（2.96[0.03]比 2.75[0.02]比 2.77[0.02]；<0.001）。在抑郁（ for interaction = 0.049）、愤怒（ for interaction = 0.016）和安全感（ for interaction = 0.004）方面，时间和与受害者相关性的交互作用有统计学意义。在与受害者无关的参与者中，暴露于图形的参与者表现出更高水平的焦虑（2.09[0.02]比 1.87[0.07]；=0.002）、抑郁（1.99[0.02]比 1.83[0.07]；=0.020）和愤怒（2.71[0.03]比 2.47[0.08]；=0.003），在 W2 时表现出更高的愤怒（2.49[0.02]比 2.31[0.06]；=0.005）。
间接接触创伤的社区居民在事件发生后早期也经历了心理困扰。还表明媒体具有重大影响，可能充当了未经过滤的图形和谣言的渠道。
