Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada.
Keenan Research Institute for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Aug 9;25(16):8712. doi: 10.3390/ijms25168712.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from various tissues of healthy or patient donors to be retransplanted in cell therapies. Because the number of MSCs obtained from biopsies is typically too low for direct clinical application, MSC expansion in cell culture is required. However, ex vivo amplification often reduces the desired MSC regenerative potential and enhances undesired traits, such as activation into fibrogenic myofibroblasts. Transiently activated myofibroblasts restore tissue integrity after organ injury by producing and contracting extracellular matrix into scar tissue. In contrast, persistent myofibroblasts cause excessive scarring-called fibrosis-that destroys organ function. In this review, we focus on the relevance and molecular mechanisms of myofibroblast activation upon contact with stiff cell culture plastic or recipient scar tissue, such as hypertrophic scars of large skin burns. We discuss cell mechanoperception mechanisms such as integrins and stretch-activated channels, mechanotransduction through the contractile actin cytoskeleton, and conversion of mechanical signals into transcriptional programs via mechanosensitive co-transcription factors, such as YAP, TAZ, and MRTF. We further elaborate how prolonged mechanical stress can create persistent myofibroblast memory by direct mechanotransduction to the nucleus that can evoke lasting epigenetic modifications at the DNA level, such as histone methylation and acetylation. We conclude by projecting how cell culture mechanics can be modulated to generate MSCs, which epigenetically protected against myofibroblast activation and transport desired regeneration potential to the recipient tissue environment in clinical therapies.
间质基质细胞(MSCs)可从健康或患者供体的各种组织中分离出来,然后重新移植到细胞治疗中。由于从活检中获得的 MSCs 数量通常太低,无法直接用于临床应用,因此需要在细胞培养中扩增 MSC。然而,体外扩增通常会降低所需 MSC 的再生潜力,并增强不理想的特性,如激活为成纤维肌成纤维细胞。短暂激活的肌成纤维细胞通过产生和收缩细胞外基质形成疤痕组织来恢复器官损伤后的组织完整性。相比之下,持续的肌成纤维细胞会导致过度的疤痕形成,称为纤维化,从而破坏器官功能。在这篇综述中,我们重点关注肌成纤维细胞在与坚硬的细胞培养塑料或受体疤痕组织(如大面积皮肤烧伤的增生性疤痕)接触时的激活的相关性和分子机制。我们讨论了细胞机械感受机制,如整合素和伸展激活通道,通过收缩性肌动球蛋白细胞骨架的机械转导,以及通过机械敏感共转录因子(如 YAP、TAZ 和 MRTF)将机械信号转换为转录程序的机制。我们进一步阐述了如何通过直接向核传递延长的机械应力来产生持久的肌成纤维细胞记忆,从而在 DNA 水平上引起持久的表观遗传修饰,如组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化。最后,我们通过预测细胞培养力学如何被调节来生成 MSC,这些 MSC 在表观遗传上受到保护,防止肌成纤维细胞激活,并将所需的再生潜力输送到临床治疗中的受体组织环境。
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