Department of Environment and Health Sciences Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya.
KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
Glob Health Epidemiol Genom. 2024 Aug 21;2024:5653709. doi: 10.1155/2024/5653709. eCollection 2024.
Despite the well-known adverse health effects of tobacco, shisha use among students in tertiary institutions remains a public health concern. In Kenya, the literature on status of shisha after the 2017 ban is scanty. This study sought to ascertain actual shisha use among university students along the coastal strip.
We investigated confirmed and self-reported shisha use. Using proportionate-to-size and snowball sampling methods, 380 respondents were enrolled from three universities. Sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported history of shisha use were documented using a participant-assisted questionnaire. Actual shisha use was determined qualitatively using 6 panel plus alcohol saliva test kit that detected cotinine use among other selected drugs.
Of the 380 participants, 278 (73%) were males and their median (IQR) age was 22 (20-23) years. This study reports 29% current use based on testing positive for cotinine. Among those who reported current ever use of shisha, 19% tested positive for cotinine, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, being separated (adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 2.06 (95% CI: 1.45-2.94)) compared to being single and studying for a degree compared to a diploma (aRR: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.10-1.58)) were associated with cotinine positive. The 4 year of study (aRR: 1.68 (95% CI: 1.22-2.33)) compared to the 1 year and reported knowledge of shisha (aRR: 1.84 (95% CI: 1.18-2.87)) were associated with cotinine positive.
Nearly one-third of university students along the Kenyan coast are active shisha users. Saliva testing for cotinine is a more reliable method of reporting tobacco use. We recommend upscaling of health education, re-enforcement of the current ban on shisha consumption by concerned authorities, and saliva testing for cotinine while assessing current tobacco use.
尽管众所周知烟草对健康有不良影响，但在高等院校学生中使用水烟仍然是一个公共卫生问题。在肯尼亚，2017 年禁令后关于水烟现状的文献很少。本研究旨在确定沿海地带大学生中水烟的实际使用情况。
我们调查了确认和自我报告的水烟使用情况。使用比例和雪球抽样方法，从三所大学中招募了 380 名受访者。使用参与者辅助问卷记录社会人口统计学特征和自我报告的水烟使用史。使用 6 面板加酒精唾液检测试剂盒定性确定实际水烟使用情况，该试剂盒检测可替宁等选定药物的使用情况。
在 380 名参与者中，278 名（73%）为男性，他们的中位数（IQR）年龄为 22（20-23）岁。本研究报告称，根据可替宁检测呈阳性，目前的使用率为 29%。在报告过去曾使用过水烟的人群中，分别有 19%的人可替宁检测呈阳性。在多变量分析中，与单身相比，离异（调整后的风险比（aRR）：2.06（95%置信区间：1.45-2.94））和攻读学位（aRR：1.32（95%置信区间：1.10-1.58））与可替宁阳性相关。与 1 年相比，4 年的学习（aRR：1.68（95%置信区间：1.22-2.33））和报告对水烟的了解（aRR：1.84（95%置信区间：1.18-2.87））与可替宁阳性相关。
肯尼亚沿海地区近三分之一的大学生是活跃的水烟使用者。唾液检测可替宁是报告烟草使用情况更可靠的方法。我们建议加大健康教育力度，有关当局加强对水烟消费的现行禁令，并在评估当前烟草使用情况时进行可替宁唾液检测。
