Genetic characterization of candidate ecdysteroid kinases in Drosophila melanogaster.

Ecdysteroids are major hormones in insects and control molting, growth, reproduction, physiology, and behavior. The biosynthesis of ecdysteroids such as 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) from dietary sterols is well characterized, but ecdysteroid catabolism is poorly understood. Ecdysteroid kinases (EcKs) mediate the reversible phosphorylation of ecdysteroids, which has been implicated in ecdysteroid recycling during embryogenesis and reproduction in various insects. However, to date, only 2 EcK-encoding genes have been identified, in the silkworm Bombyx mori and the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Previously, we identified 2 ecdysteroid kinase-like (EcKL) genes-Wallflower (Wall) and Pinkman (pkm)-in the model fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that are orthologs of the ecdysteroid 22-kinase gene BmEc22K. Here, using gene knockdown, knockout, and misexpression, we explore Wall and pkm's possible functions and genetically test the hypothesis that they encode EcKs. Wall and pkm null mutants are viable and fertile, suggesting that they are not essential for development or reproduction, whereas phenotypes arising from RNAi and somatic CRISPR appear to derive from off-target effects or other artifacts. However, misexpression of Wall results in dramatic phenotypes, including developmental arrest, and defects in trachea, cuticle, and pigmentation. Wall misexpression fails to phenocopy irreversible ecdysteroid catabolism through misexpression of Cyp18a1, suggesting that Wall does not directly inactivate 20E. Additionally, Wall misexpression phenotypes are not attenuated in Cyp18a1 mutants, strongly suggesting that Wall is not an ecdysteroid 26-kinase. We hypothesize that the substrate of Wall in this misexpression experiment and possibly generally is an unknown, atypical ecdysteroid that plays essential roles in Drosophila development, and may highlight aspects of insect endocrinology that are as-yet uncharacterized. We also provide preliminary evidence that CG5644 encodes an ecdysteroid 22-kinase conserved across Diptera.