Acute kidney injury after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy - A systematic review.

The use of nephrotoxic chemotherapeutic agents during hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), carries the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). The available evidence on this subject is sparse with variability in the reported incidence of AKI. In this systematic review, the aim was to analyse the incidence, risk factors, and preventive measures for AKI after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. A systematic literature search was conducted using the terms 'Acute kidney injury', 'Acute kidney failure', 'Acute renal failure', 'Acute renal impairment', 'HIPEC Surgery', 'Cytoreductive Surgery', 'Heated Chemotherapy' on PubMed, Scopus, clinical trial.gov, POPLINE and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and observational studies published from January 2000-December 2020 were included. The systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42021247781). Data from 16 articles, which included 1622 patients, was included. The incidence AKI by any definition, was 23.36 %. The highest incidence of AKI (45.45 %) was reported after paclitaxel-HIPEC. The incidence of AKI after cisplatin-HIPEC was 34.7 %. Cisplatin HIPEC was the most common factor associated with AKI in 7/16 studies followed by pre-existing comorbidities and low intraoperative diuresis in 4 and 3 studies respectively. The perioperative use of sodium thiosulfate and amifostine led to a significant reduction in the incidence of AKI. The reported incidence of AKI after CRS-HIPEC is high. Identifying preoperative risk factors, optimising comorbidities, maintaining perioperative haemodynamic stability, perioperative use of sodium thiosulfate, maintaining adequate diuresis could reduce the incidence of AKI.