Samarska Alla, Wiche Oliver
Applied Geoecology Group, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences, Zittau, Germany.
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2024;190:181-232. doi: 10.1007/10_2024_263.
Wastewaters often contain an array of economically valuable elements, including elements considered critical raw materials and elements for fertilizer production. Plant-based treatment approaches in constructed wetlands, open ponds, or hydroponic systems represent an eco-friendly and economical way to remove potentially toxic metal(loid)s from wastewater (phytoextraction). Concomitantly, the element-enriched biomass represents an important secondary raw material for bioenergy generation and the recovery of raw materials from the harvested plant biomass (phytomining). At present, phytoextraction in constructed wetlands is still considered a nascent technology that still requires more fundamental and applied research before it can be commercially applied. This chapter discusses the different roles of plants in constructed wetlands during the phytoextraction of economically valuable elements. It sheds light on the utilization of plant biomass in the recovery of raw materials from wastewater streams. Here, we consider phytoextraction of the commonly studied water pollutants (N, P, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr) and expand this concept to a group of rather exotic metal(loid)s (Ge, REE, PGM) highlighting the role of phytoextraction in the face of climate change and finite resources of high-tech metals.
废水通常含有一系列具有经济价值的元素，包括被视为关键原材料的元素和用于肥料生产的元素。人工湿地、露天池塘或水培系统中基于植物的处理方法是一种从废水中去除潜在有毒金属（类金属）的环保且经济的方式（植物提取）。与此同时，富含元素的生物质是生物能源生产以及从收获的植物生物质中回收原材料的重要二次原料（植物采矿）。目前，人工湿地中的植物提取仍被视为一项新兴技术，在其能够商业化应用之前仍需要更多的基础研究和应用研究。本章讨论了植物在人工湿地中对具有经济价值元素进行植物提取过程中的不同作用。它阐明了植物生物质在从废水流中回收原材料方面的利用。在此，我们考虑对常见研究的水污染物（氮、磷、锌、镉、铅、铬）进行植物提取，并将这一概念扩展到一组相当奇特的金属（类金属）（锗、稀土元素、铂族金属），突出植物提取在应对气候变化和高科技金属资源有限的情况下所发挥的作用。
