Histological and transcriptomic insights into the interaction between grapevine and .

INTRODUCTION

Grape is of high economic value. , a pathogen causing grape ripe rot and leaf spot, threatens grape production and quality.

METHODS

This study investigates the interplay between by Cytological study and transcriptome sequencing.

RESULTS

Different grapevine germplasms, cv. Thompson Seedless (TS), accession Beaumont (B) and Liuba-8 (LB-8) were classified as highly sensitive, moderate resistant and resistant to , respectively. Cytological study analysis reveals distinct differences between susceptible and resistant grapes post-inoculation, including faster pathogen development, longer germination tubes, normal appressoria of and absence of white secretions in the susceptible host grapevine. To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of , transcriptome sequencing was performed on the susceptible grapevine "TS" identifying 236 differentially expressed genes. These included 56 effectors, 36 carbohydrate genes, 5 P450 genes, and 10 genes involved in secondary metabolism. Fungal effectors are known as pivotal pathogenic factors that modulate plant immunity and affect disease development. -mediated transient transformation in screened 10 effectors (CvA13877, CvA01508, CvA05621, CvA00229, CvA07043, CvA05569, CvA12648, CvA02698, CvA14071 and CvA10999) that inhibited INF1 (infestans 1, PAMP elicitor) induced cell death and 2 effectors (CvA02641 and CvA11478) that induced cell death. Additionally, transcriptome analysis of "TS" in response to identified differentially expressed grape genes related to plant hormone signaling (, , , and ), resveratrol biosynthesis genes (), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes ( and ), photosynthetic antenna proteins ( and ), transcription factors (, , , , , and ), ROS (reactive oxygen species) clearance genes (, , and ), and disease-related genes (, and ).

DISCUSSION

This study highlights the potential functional diversity of effectors. Our findings lay a foundation for further research of infection mechanisms in and identification of disease response targets in grape.