Foulke G E
Am J Emerg Med. 1985 May;3(3):217-26. doi: 10.1016/0735-6757(85)90094-4.
There are a number of conditions which can be grouped together as ARI. Many represent potentially fatal pathophysiological states that are rapidly reversible if identified and treated properly. Physiological alterations that result from the hypobaric hypoxia of altitude include cerebral vasodilatation, altered ventilatory patterns, pulmonary vasoconstriction, decreased cardiac output, and altered fluid and electrolyte balance. The various altitude-related illnesses represent a spectrum of conditions with overlapping presentations. The symptoms of AMS and HACE represent a continuum of disease that appears to be related to alterations in cerebrovascular autoregulation. High-altitude retinal hemorrhage may be related to similar vascular events in the retinal circulation. Although the etiology of HAPE remains unclear, it is likely that alterations of pulmonary vascular tone and flow play an important roles in its production. Knowledge regarding ARI is important in planning prophylaxis and instituting therapy. Gradual ascent and acclimatization are the mainstays of prophylaxis. Pharmacological prophylaxis is available for those who are prone to severe AMS. Prompt recognition, descent, and administration of oxygen constitute the major therapies for severe ARI. The ability to perform these three tasks can rapidly reverse a potentially fatal illness.
有许多病症可归类为急性高原病（ARI）。许多病症代表着潜在的致命性病理生理状态，如果能正确识别并治疗，这些状态是可迅速逆转的。高原低压缺氧导致的生理改变包括脑血管扩张、通气模式改变、肺血管收缩、心输出量减少以及体液和电解质平衡改变。各种与高原相关的疾病表现出一系列症状重叠的情况。急性高原病（AMS）和高原脑水肿（HACE）的症状代表了一种似乎与脑血管自动调节改变相关的连续疾病谱。高原视网膜出血可能与视网膜循环中类似的血管事件有关。虽然高原肺水肿（HAPE）的病因尚不清楚，但肺血管张力和血流的改变可能在其发生过程中起重要作用。了解急性高原病对于预防和治疗方案的制定很重要。逐渐上升和适应是预防的主要方法。对于易患严重急性高原病的人，有药物预防措施。迅速识别、下山和吸氧是治疗严重急性高原病的主要方法。具备执行这三项任务的能力可以迅速逆转一种潜在的致命疾病。
