Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Environmental Health Unit, Kuopio, Finland.
School of Pharmacy (Toxicology) and Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
PLoS One. 2024 Sep 3;19(9):e0308227. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308227. eCollection 2024.
Time trends and regional differences of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), DDTs, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (BDEs) were studied in unhatched osprey eggs collected by bird ringers in 1972-2017 from four areas in Finland. Two study areas were from Baltic Sea, Northern Quark and Finnish Archipelago Sea, while the two others were inland lake areas, eutrophicated Lake Vanajanselkä affected by industrial emissions, and Pristine SW Lake Area. The highest concentrations of most compound groups were in Lake Vanajanselkä consistent with high emissions, the predominance of bream as a prey, and higher concentrations in bream compared to other prey fish. Concentrations of all chlorinated compounds decreased significantly in all study areas. Average annual decreases were ∑PCDD/F 2.3-4.9%, ∑PCB 2.2-4.2%, ∑PCN 2.6-7.0% and ∑DDT 7.1-9.5%, primarily in line with decreased levels in prey fish. From 1972 PBBs and BDEs increased significantly until 1990s declining rapidly thereafter. PCDD/F congener profile was dominated by 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, except in Lake Vanajanselkä by 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD. PCB congener profile was dominated by PCB 153 in all study areas, followed by PCB 180 and PCB 138. Among dioxin-like compounds PCBs contributed 82%, PCDDs 14% and PCDFs 4% to toxic equivalent quantity (∑TEQ). PCB 126 contributed most to ∑TEQ, followed by 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD. BDE 47 being the dominant BDE congener, followed by BDE 100. ∑DDT concentrations were relatively similar across all study areas, with DDE contributing about 90%. Productivity of chicks per active nest was significantly decreased in Lake Vanajanselkä, and the likely explanation is embryotoxicity of dioxin-like compounds. It is plausible that dioxin-like compounds influenced embryonic survival among highly exposed ospreys prior to 2010, especially in Lake Vanajanselkä and Northern Quark. However, decreased survival due to DDE-induced eggshell thinning seems unlikely after 1985, and BDE levels were below those potentially causing adverse effects.
1972 年至 2017 年间，鸟类环志者在芬兰的四个地区收集了未孵化的鱼鹰卵，研究了多氯二苯并对二恶英和呋喃（PCDD/Fs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、多氯萘（PCNs）、滴滴涕、多溴联苯（PBBs）和多溴联苯醚（BDEs）的时间趋势和区域差异。两个研究区域位于波罗的海、北夸克和芬兰群岛海，而另外两个是内陆湖泊地区，富营养化的瓦纳扬塞勒卡湖受工业排放影响，以及原始的西南湖地区。与高排放量一致，最高浓度的大多数化合物组都在瓦纳扬塞勒卡湖中，主要是鲤鱼作为猎物，与其他猎物鱼相比，鲤鱼中的浓度更高。所有氯化化合物的浓度在所有研究区域均显著下降。∑PCDD/F 的年均降幅为 2.3-4.9%，∑PCB 为 2.2-4.2%，∑PCN 为 2.6-7.0%，∑DDT 为 7.1-9.5%，主要与猎物鱼中的水平下降一致。自 1972 年以来，PBBs 和 BDEs 显著增加，直到 20 世纪 90 年代才迅速下降。PCDD/F 同系物的特征是 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 占主导地位，除了瓦纳扬塞勒卡湖是 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 占主导地位。所有研究区域中，PCB 同系物的特征均以 PCB 153 为主，其次是 PCB 180 和 PCB 138。在二恶英类化合物中，PCBs 占毒性当量（∑TEQ）的 82%，PCDDs 占 14%，PCDFs 占 4%。PCB 126 对∑TEQ 的贡献最大，其次是 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD。BDE 47 是最主要的 BDE 同系物，其次是 BDE 100。∑DDT 浓度在所有研究区域都相对相似，其中 DDE 占约 90%。在瓦纳扬塞勒卡湖中，每窝活跃巢穴的雏鸟生产力明显下降，可能的解释是二恶英类化合物的胚胎毒性。在 2010 年之前，高度暴露的鱼鹰中，二恶英类化合物可能影响了胚胎的存活率，尤其是在瓦纳扬塞勒卡湖和北夸克。然而，自 1985 年以来，由于滴滴涕诱导的蛋壳变薄导致的存活率下降似乎不太可能，而且 BDE 水平低于可能产生不利影响的水平。
