Protective effect of crocin-loaded nanoparticles in rats following epileptic seizures: Biochemical, behavioral and histopathological outcomes.

Epilepsy is a condition resulting from complex interactions involving excessive neuronal electrical activity and oxidative stress, which can lead to chronic neurological conditions. This study evaluates crocin encapsulated in SLNC for neuroprotective and countering pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) -induced oxidative damage. The rats were pre-treated with SLNC and FC (25, 50 mg/kg/day; P.O.) for 28 days before being induced with PTZ. Various standard tests were conducted to assess their behavioral functions, such as Y-maze, Open field test (OFT), and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. ELISA measured brain tissue catalase activity (CAT) and nitric oxide status (NO). The expression of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the number of dendrite spines were examined through Immunohistochemical and Golgi-Cox staining, respectively. The Pretreating rats with SLNC plus PTZ significantly boosted memory and reduced anxiety levels in Y-maze, OFT, and EPM tests. In addition, it decreased NO levels and increased CAT levels. SLNC also showed a significant decrease in NF-κB expression and an increase in neurons and the number of spines. The positive effects of SLNC in improving memory and learning deficits after PTZ injection can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects.