Losnegard Thomas, Kocbach Jan, Sandbakk Øyvind
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2024 Sep 4;20(1):4-16. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0135. Print 2025 Jan 1.
Cross-country skiing, biathlon, and Nordic combined are Winter Olympics sports that involve cross-country skiing in undulating terrain, characterized by various subtechniques and repeated intensity fluctuations. The stochastic interval profile of these sports necessitates the continuous regulation of work and energy expenditure throughout training sessions and competitions, a concept known as pacing. With the advent of technological advancements that allow for the measurement of these features during training and competitions, scientific studies have broadened our understanding of the associated racing and pacing demands. We provide the current scientific overview of pacing demands in competitive cross-country skiing, biathlon, and Nordic combined and propose guidelines for how performance can be enhanced by adjusting pacing behavior.
The study of pacing in skiing has evolved from basic lap-to-lap, or segment, analyses to detailed insights into micropacing strategies. This includes analysis of speed, internal and external power, subtechnique distribution, and associated temporal patterns, combined with subjective ratings of effort. While several objective tools such as heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and speed measurements are widely used in practice, current understanding suggests that these measures should supplement, rather than replace, the use of perceived effort (eg, rating of perceived exertion) to regulate intensity during training and competition in undulating terrain. Therefore, the ability to self-regulate effort appears to be an important performance characteristic and should be developed in adolescents and systematically used to optimize and evaluate the training process and race performance throughout athletes' careers.
越野滑雪、冬季两项和北欧两项是冬奥会项目，涉及在起伏地形上的越野滑雪，其特点是有各种子技术和反复的强度波动。这些运动的随机间隔特征要求在整个训练和比赛过程中持续调节工作量和能量消耗，这一概念称为配速。随着技术进步使得在训练和比赛期间能够测量这些特征，科学研究拓宽了我们对相关比赛和配速要求的理解。我们提供了竞技越野滑雪、冬季两项和北欧两项中配速要求的当前科学综述，并提出了通过调整配速行为来提高成绩的指导方针。
滑雪中配速的研究已从基本的逐圈或分段分析发展到对微配速策略的详细洞察。这包括对速度、内部和外部功率、子技术分布以及相关时间模式的分析，同时结合主观用力程度评级。虽然心率、血乳酸浓度和速度测量等几种客观工具在实践中被广泛使用，但目前的认识表明，在起伏地形的训练和比赛中，这些测量应补充而不是取代感知用力程度（例如，自感用力度）的使用来调节强度。因此，自我调节用力的能力似乎是一项重要的成绩特征，应在青少年中培养，并在运动员的整个职业生涯中系统地用于优化和评估训练过程及比赛成绩。
