Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain.
Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
Food Res Int. 2024 Oct;194:114886. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114886. Epub 2024 Aug 14.
This research evaluated the occurrence and bioaccessibility of acrylamide and HMF in commercial instant coffees (IC) and coffee substitutes (CS), considering both isolated consumption and combination with milk. There were no significant differences in acrylamide content between IC and CS samples (median: 589 vs. 671 µg/kg), but higher variability was reported for CS, probably due to their varied composition (roasted cereals, nuts, honey, dehydrated fruits, and/or chicory). Acrylamide level were always below the EU benchmark for each category. HMF contents were similar between both groups (1354-5127 mg/kg for IC and 735-7134 mg/kg for CS; median: 2890 vs. 2960 mg/kg), with no clear ingredient relationship. Since IC consumption by the Spanish population is ten times higher than that of CS, exposure to acrylamide and HMF was higher from IC (6.8 vs. 1.07 ng/kg body weight/day for acrylamide; 39.1 vs. 4.2 µg/kg body weight/day for HMF). The standardized in vitro gastrointestinal digestion protocol (INFOGEST) was used. The gastrointestinal process reduced the bioaccessibility of acrylamide up to 27.2 % in IC and to 22.4 % in CS, regardless of the presence of milk. HMF bioaccessibility from IC significantly dropped after the gastrointestinal digestion, whereas it greatly increased for CS. The presence of milk did not affect HMF bioaccessibility. These results highlight the importance of assessing food bioaccessibility in typical consumption scenarios, providing a holistic view and a realistic evaluation of the potential risks associated with acrylamide and HMF exposure in the diet.
本研究评估了丙烯酰胺和 HMF 在商业速溶咖啡（IC）和咖啡替代品（CS）中的发生和生物可利用性，同时考虑了单独消费和与牛奶混合的情况。IC 和 CS 样品中的丙烯酰胺含量没有显著差异（中位数：589 与 671μg/kg），但 CS 的变异较大，可能是由于其组成多样（烤谷物、坚果、蜂蜜、脱水水果和/或菊苣）。丙烯酰胺水平始终低于每种类别的欧盟基准。两组之间的 HMF 含量相似（IC 为 1354-5127mg/kg，CS 为 735-7134mg/kg；中位数：2890 与 2960mg/kg），与成分无明显关系。由于西班牙人口对 IC 的消费是 CS 的十倍，因此 IC 暴露于丙烯酰胺和 HMF 的水平更高（丙烯酰胺为 6.8 与 1.07ng/kg 体重/天；HMF 为 39.1 与 4.2μg/kg 体重/天）。使用标准化的体外胃肠道消化方案（INFOGEST）。无论是否存在牛奶，胃肠道过程都会使 IC 中的丙烯酰胺生物可利用性降低 27.2%，使 CS 中的丙烯酰胺生物可利用性降低 22.4%。IC 经胃肠道消化后 HMF 的生物可利用性显著下降，而 CS 则大大增加。牛奶的存在并不影响 HMF 的生物可利用性。这些结果强调了在典型消费场景中评估食物生物可利用性的重要性，提供了对与饮食中丙烯酰胺和 HMF 暴露相关的潜在风险的全面了解和现实评估。
