Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2024 Nov;41(11):1454-1479. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2396910. Epub 2024 Sep 5.
Food can be a source of lead and cadmium exposure for infants and children. Employing a semi-probabilistic approach, dietary exposures to lead and cadmium were assessed for infants 0-11 months (excluding human milk-fed infants) and children 1-6 years using U.S. total diet study data from 2018 to 2020 and food consumption data from 2015 to 2018. Estimated mean lead and cadmium exposures range from 0.7-3.6 µg/day to 0.18-0.47 µg/kg bw/day, respectively, depending on the age group and method for handling non-detected values. Dietary exposures to lead and cadmium are slightly lower and slightly higher than our estimates published in 2019. In addition to the use of more recent datasets for consumption and contamination, differences may be due to the use of refined exposure assessment methodology, particularly a new system of mapping contamination data to intake data. The processed baby food and infant formula food group is the major contributor to lead and cadmium exposure, driven by intake, among infants who do not consume human milk. The food groups contributing most to children's lead and cadmium exposure are grains/baking, dairy and fruit and grains/baking and vegetables, respectively. This work will inform FDA initiatives such as closer to zero, including research needs and regulatory priorities.
食物可能是婴儿和儿童铅和镉暴露的来源。本研究采用半概率方法，利用 2018 年至 2020 年美国总膳食研究数据和 2015 年至 2018 年食物消费数据，评估了 0-11 个月（不包括母乳喂养婴儿）婴儿和 1-6 岁儿童的饮食铅和镉暴露情况。根据年龄组和处理未检出值的方法，估计的平均铅和镉暴露量分别为 0.7-3.6μg/天和 0.18-0.47μg/kg bw/天。饮食中铅和镉的暴露量略低于和略高于我们在 2019 年公布的估计值。除了使用最近的消费和污染数据集外，差异可能还归因于使用了更精细的暴露评估方法，特别是一种将污染数据映射到摄入量数据的新系统。对于不食用母乳的婴儿，加工婴儿食品和婴儿配方食品组是铅和镉暴露的主要来源，这主要是由于摄入量造成的。对儿童铅和镉暴露贡献最大的食物组分别是谷物/烘焙食品、乳制品和水果以及谷物/烘焙食品和蔬菜。这项工作将为 FDA 的“更接近零”倡议提供信息，包括研究需求和监管重点。
