Cancer Therapy and Exercise Intolerance: The Heart Is But a Part: State-of-the-Art Review.

The landscape of cancer therapeutics is continually evolving, with successes in improved survivorship and reduced disease progression for many patients with cancer. Improved cancer outcomes expose competing comorbidities, some of which may be exacerbated by cancer therapies. The leading cause of disability and death for many early-stage cancers is cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is often attributed to direct or indirect cardiac injury from cancer therapy. In this review, the authors propose that toxicities related to conventional and novel cancer therapeutics should be considered beyond the heart. The authors provide a framework using the oxygen pathway to understand the impact of cancer treatment on peak oxygen uptake, a marker of integrative cardiopulmonary function and CVD risk. Peripheral toxicities and the impact on oxygen transport are discussed. Consideration for the broad effects of cancer therapies will improve the prediction and identification of cancer survivors at risk for CVD, functional disability, and premature mortality and those who would benefit from therapeutic intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.