Centre for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Sep;31(43):55624-55635. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-34870-x. Epub 2024 Sep 6.
Under regulations such as REACH, testing of novel and established compounds for their (neuro)toxic potential is a legal requirement in many countries. These are largely based on animal-, cost-, and time-intensive in vivo models, not in line with the 3 Rs' principle of animal experimentation. Thus, the development of alternative test methods has also received increasing attention in neurotoxicology. Such methods focus either on physiological alterations in brain development and neuronal pathways or on behavioral changes. An example of a behavioral developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) assay is the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo coiling assay, which quantifies effects of compounds on the development of spontaneous movement of zebrafish embryos. While the importance of embryo-to-embryo contact prior to hatching in response to environmental contaminants or natural threats has been documented for many other clutch-laying fish species, little is known about the relevance of intra-clutch contacts for zebrafish. Here, the model neurotoxin rotenone was used to assess the effect of grouped versus separate rearing of the embryos on the expression of the coiling behavior. Some group-reared embryos reacted with hyperactivity to the exposure, to an extent that could not be recorded effectively with the utilized software. Separately reared embryos showed reduced activity, compared with group-reared individuals when assessing. However, even the control group embryos of the separately reared cohort showed reduced activity, compared with group-reared controls. Rotenone could thus be confirmed to induce neurotoxic effects in zebrafish embryos, yet modifying one parameter in an otherwise well-established neurotoxicity assay such as the coiling assay may lead to changes in behavior influenced by the proximity between individual embryos. This indicates a complex dependence of the outcome of behavior assays on a multitude of environmental parameters.
在 REACH 等法规下,对新型和已建立的化合物进行(神经)毒性测试是许多国家的法律要求。这些测试主要基于动物实验,成本高且耗时,不符合 3R 原则。因此,替代测试方法的开发也在神经毒理学中受到越来越多的关注。这些方法主要集中在大脑发育和神经元通路的生理变化上,或者集中在行为变化上。行为发育神经毒性 (DNT) 测定的一个例子是斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎卷曲测定,该测定定量化合物对斑马鱼胚胎自发运动发育的影响。虽然在孵化前,由于环境污染物或自然威胁,许多其他产卵鱼类的胚胎之间的相互接触对胚胎发育的重要性已有记录,但对于斑马鱼而言,尚不清楚卵内接触的相关性。在这里,使用模型神经毒素鱼藤酮来评估胚胎分组和单独饲养对卷曲行为表达的影响。一些分组饲养的胚胎对暴露表现出过度活跃的反应,其程度无法被利用的软件有效地记录。与分组饲养的个体相比,单独饲养的胚胎在评估时表现出较低的活动度。然而,即使是单独饲养组的对照组胚胎,与分组饲养的对照组相比,其活动度也较低。因此,鱼藤酮可以确认会诱导斑马鱼胚胎的神经毒性效应,但在卷曲测定等已建立的神经毒性测定中改变一个参数可能会导致受个体胚胎之间接近度影响的行为变化。这表明行为测定的结果对环境参数的复杂性依赖。