Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus do Guamá, Av. Perimetral, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-900, Brazil,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Sep;22(18):13926-38. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4596-2. Epub 2015 May 7.
Rotenone, a natural compound derived from plants of the genera Derris and Lonchocarpus, is used worldwide as a pesticide and piscicide. This study aims to assess short-term toxicity of rotenone to early-life stages of the fish Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata using a wide and integrative range of biomarkers (developmental, biochemical, behavioral, and histopathological). Moreover, the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach was used to compare rotenone acute toxicity to fish species. Toxicity tests were based on the OECD protocols, fish embryo toxicity test (for D. rerio embryos), and fish acute toxicity test (for P. reticulata juveniles). D. rerio embryos were used to estimate lethal concentrations and analyze embryonic and enzymatic alterations (activity of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and cholinesterase), while P. reticulata juveniles were used for the assessment of histological damage in the gills and liver. Rotenone induced significant mortality in zebrafish embryos with a 96-h lethal concentration 50% (LC50) = 12.2 μg/L. Rotenone was embryotoxic, affecting the development of D. rerio embryos, which showed cardiac edema; tail deformities; loss of equilibrium; and a general delay characterized by lack of tail detachment, delayed somite formation, yolk sac absorption, and lack of pigmentation. Biochemical biomarker inhibition was observed for concentrations ≥1 μg/L for CAT and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and for cholinesterase (ChE) in concentration from 10 μg/L. Behavioral changes were observed for P. reticulata juveniles exposed to concentrations equal to or above 25 μg/L of rotenone; moreover, histological damage in the liver and gills of fish exposed to concentrations equal to or above 2.5 μg/L could be observed. A hazard concentration 5% (HC5) of 3.2 μg/L was estimated considering the acute toxicity data for different fish species (n = 49). Lethal and sublethal effects of rotenone raise a concern about its effects on nontarget fish species, especially because rotenone and its metabolite rotenolone are frequently reported in the microgram range in natural environments for several days after field applications. Rotenone should be used with caution. Given the high toxicity and wide range of sublethal effects here reported, further studies in a chronic exposure scenario are recommended.
鱼藤酮是一种从鱼藤属和车轮菊属植物中提取的天然化合物，被广泛用作杀虫剂和杀鱼类药物。本研究旨在使用广泛而综合的生物标志物（发育、生化、行为和组织病理学）评估鱼藤酮对幼鱼期的鱼类（斑马鱼和孔雀鱼）的短期毒性。此外，还使用物种敏感性分布（SSD）方法比较了鱼藤酮对鱼类的急性毒性。毒性测试基于 OECD 协议，包括鱼类胚胎毒性测试（用于斑马鱼胚胎）和鱼类急性毒性测试（用于孔雀鱼幼鱼）。斑马鱼胚胎用于估计致死浓度并分析胚胎和酶的变化（过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性），而孔雀鱼幼鱼则用于评估鳃和肝脏的组织损伤。鱼藤酮可导致斑马鱼胚胎在 96 小时内死亡，半数致死浓度 50%（LC50）为 12.2 μg/L。鱼藤酮具有胚胎毒性，影响斑马鱼胚胎的发育，导致心脏水肿、尾部畸形、失去平衡以及以尾部未脱落、体节形成延迟、卵黄囊吸收和缺乏色素沉着为特征的总体延迟。当浓度≥1μg/L 时，CAT 和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）以及浓度为 10μg/L 时的乙酰胆碱酯酶（ChE）的生物标志物抑制作用观察到。当暴露于浓度等于或高于 25μg/L 的鱼藤酮时，观察到孔雀鱼幼鱼的行为变化；此外，当暴露于浓度等于或高于 2.5μg/L 时，可观察到鱼的肝脏和鳃组织损伤。考虑到不同鱼类物种（n=49）的急性毒性数据，估计出危害浓度 5%（HC5）为 3.2μg/L。鱼藤酮的致死和亚致死效应引起了人们对其对非目标鱼类物种影响的关注，特别是因为鱼藤酮及其代谢物鱼藤酮在田间应用后数天内经常以微克级的浓度在自然环境中被报道。因此，鱼藤酮的使用应该谨慎。鉴于这里报道的高毒性和广泛的亚致死效应，建议在慢性暴露情况下进行进一步研究。
