Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkiye.
Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkiye; Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkiye.
Talanta. 2025 Jan 1;281:126810. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126810. Epub 2024 Sep 4.
Clozapine (CLO) is an atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. The treatment effectiveness of CLO is better than that of other atypical antipsychotics, and it has the advantage of being able to determine its effectiveness by measuring its concentration in the patient's blood. Thus, sensitive, selective, and accurate determination of CLO in blood is highly significant for treatment monitoring. This study describes the design and fabrication of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for CLO determination. This is the first MIP-based electrochemical application in the literature for CLO determination. Employing the thermal polymerization approach, the MIP was formed on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using CLO as the template, trans-3-(3-Pyridyl)acrylic acid (3,3-TA) as the functional monomer, and the support of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Elaborate characterizations in terms of surface morphology and electrochemistry were performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. An indirect approach was employed to determine CLO in standard solution, real human biological samples, and tablet formulation, using 5 × 10 M [Fe(CN)] solution as the redox probe. The limit of detection (LOD) values for the standard solution and serum sample were calculated as 2.9 × 10 M and 6.01 × 10 M, respectively. These values and recovery studies confirmed the sensor's sensitivity and feasibility. The measurements in the presence of similarly structured compounds (olanzapine and quetiapine fumarate) verified the sensor's superior selectivity. Moreover, the developed sensor's performance was compared and verified using an LC-MS/MS method using the student's t-test and F-test.
氯氮平（CLO）是一种用于治疗精神分裂症的非典型抗精神病药物。CLO 的治疗效果优于其他非典型抗精神病药物，并且它的优点是能够通过测量患者血液中的浓度来确定其疗效。因此，灵敏、选择性和准确地测定血液中的 CLO 对于治疗监测非常重要。本研究描述了一种基于分子印迹聚合物（MIP）的电化学传感器用于 CLO 测定的设计和制造。这是文献中首次将基于 MIP 的电化学应用于 CLO 的测定。采用热聚合方法，以 CLO 为模板、反式-3-（3-吡啶基）丙烯酸（3,3-TA）为功能单体、氧化锌纳米粒子（ZnO NPs）为支撑，在玻碳电极（GCE）上形成 MIP。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、循环伏安法（CV）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）方法对其进行了详细的表面形貌和电化学表征。采用间接方法，使用 5×10 -4 M [Fe（CN）] 6 3-作为氧化还原探针，对标准溶液、真实人体生物样品和片剂制剂中的 CLO 进行了测定。标准溶液和血清样品的检测限（LOD）值分别计算为 2.9×10 -4 M 和 6.01×10 -4 M。这些值和回收率研究证实了传感器的灵敏度和可行性。在具有类似结构化合物（奥氮平、富马酸喹硫平）存在的情况下进行的测量证实了传感器的优异选择性。此外，使用学生 t 检验和 F 检验比较并验证了开发的传感器与 LC-MS/MS 方法的性能。
