Zhang Qitong, Zhao Guangran, Wang Shilin, Song Yuxuan, Sun Yuanzheng
Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
The Second Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2025 May 26;45(1):52. doi: 10.1007/s10571-025-01570-0.
Acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by neurodegeneration, which is the gradual malfunction and damage of neurons and axons in the central nervous system. Improved clinical diagnostic workups and the development and tracking of successful disease-modifying treatments are made possible by detecting appropriate neurodegenerative disease (ND) biomarkers. Important biomarkers, such as Tau proteins, amyloid-β, and α-synucleins, are essential for precise identification but are often evaluated using time-consuming, expensive, and traditional techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Due to its exceptional selectivity and sensitivity, electrochemical biosensing has become a popular, low-cost substitute for more conventional diagnostic methods. Nanoparticles in biosensors are particularly noteworthy because they improve electron transport and aid in immobilizing biorecognition components. Conducting polymers have shown great potential in the field of electrochemical sensing. Conducting polymers have shown great potential in electrochemical sensing. Additionally, research has shown that polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and poly(thiophene) are often regarded as among the best conducting polymers for fabricating electrochemical sensors. Moreover, a hydrogel biosensor allows for the detection of many parameters simultaneously with real-time monitoring, allowing for more accurate and timely tracking of multiple indicators of a patient. Hydrogel nano(bio)composite sensors that use electrochemical transduction methods to detect analytes are also available. Hydrogel-based polymer sensors for early-stage neurodegenerative diagnosis are examined in this review in a novel way. Afterward, we reviewed electrochemical sensors developed for detecting biomarkers related to diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. There have also been developments devised to enhance efficacy of electrochemical diagnostic tools to address their limitations. In this respect, we have also reviewed many polymers used in electrochemical diagnosis of neurological disorders. Finally, we have also evaluated the limits and prospects of clinical trials involving these electrochemical means of diagnoses.
急性和慢性神经退行性疾病（NDs），包括多发性硬化症（MS）、阿尔茨海默病（AD）和帕金森病（PD），其特征是神经退行性变，即中枢神经系统中神经元和轴突的逐渐功能失调和损伤。通过检测合适的神经退行性疾病（ND）生物标志物，可以改进临床诊断检查，并实现对成功的疾病修饰治疗的开发和跟踪。重要的生物标志物，如 Tau 蛋白、淀粉样β蛋白和α-突触核蛋白，对于精确识别至关重要，但通常使用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）等耗时、昂贵的传统技术进行评估。由于其卓越的选择性和灵敏度，电化学生物传感已成为一种流行的、低成本的替代传统诊断方法。生物传感器中的纳米颗粒尤其值得注意，因为它们能改善电子传输并有助于固定生物识别组件。导电聚合物在电化学生物传感领域已显示出巨大潜力。此外，研究表明聚吡咯、聚苯胺、聚（3,4-亚乙基二氧噻吩）和聚噻吩通常被认为是制造电化学传感器的最佳导电聚合物之一。此外，水凝胶生物传感器能够同时检测多个参数并进行实时监测，从而更准确、及时地跟踪患者的多个指标。还存在使用电化学转导方法检测分析物的水凝胶纳米（生物）复合传感器。本综述以一种新颖的方式研究了用于早期神经退行性诊断的水凝胶基聚合物传感器。之后，我们回顾了为检测与多发性硬化症、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和亨廷顿舞蹈症等疾病相关的生物标志物而开发的电化学传感器。还设计了一些改进措施来提高电化学诊断工具的功效，以解决其局限性。在这方面，我们还回顾了许多用于神经疾病电化学诊断的聚合物。最后，我们还评估了涉及这些电化学诊断方法的临床试验的局限性和前景。
