Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer: Treatment Paradigms, Future Directions, and Questions.

The use of immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)has increased treatment options for patients who may not be candidates for traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Recent studies have resulted in the approval of immunotherapy in the first and second line setting for recurrent/metastatic disease. Various combinations of immunotherapy with targeted therapies, monoclonal antibodies, or human papilloma virus vaccines are also being studied in recurrent/metastatic disease. Currently, programmed death-ligand 1 status is the main marker utilized to assess potential response to immunotherapy. Studies are focused on identifying additional markers, which may help better predict response to immunotherapy for HNSCC patients.