Characterization of acquired β-lactamases in and quantification of their contributions to resistance.

is a highly problematic opportunistic pathogen that causes a range of different infections. Infections are commonly treated with β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, monobactams, penicillins, and carbapenems, with carbapenems regarded as antibiotics of last resort. Isolates of can contain horizontally acquired genes encoding β-lactamase enzymes, but the extent to which these contribute to β-lactam resistance in this species has not been systematically quantified. The overall aim of this research was to address this knowledge gap by quantifying the frequency of β-lactamase-encoding genes in and by determining the effects of β-lactamases on susceptibility of to β-lactams. Genome analysis showed that β-lactamase-encoding genes are present in 3% of but are enriched in carbapenem-resistant isolates (35%). To determine the substrate antibiotics, 10 β-lactamases were expressed from an integrative plasmid in the chromosome of reference strain PAO1. The β-lactamases reduced susceptibility to a variety of clinically used antibiotics, including carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem), penicillins (ticarcillin, piperacillin), cephalosporins (ceftazidime, cefepime), and a monobactam (aztreonam). Different enzymes acted on different β-lactams. β-lactamases encoded by the genomes of clinical isolates had similar effects to the enzymes expressed in strain PAO1. Genome engineering was used to delete β-lactamase-encoding genes from three carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates and increased susceptibility to substrate β-lactams. Our findings demonstrate that acquired β-lactamases play an important role in β-lactam resistance in , identifying substrate antibiotics for a range of enzymes and quantifying their contributions to resistance.IMPORTANCE is an extremely problematic pathogen, with isolates that are resistant to the carbapenem class of β-lactam antibiotics being in critical need of new therapies. Genes encoding β-lactamase enzymes that degrade β-lactam antibiotics can be present in , including carbapenem-resistant isolates. Here, we show that β-lactamase genes are over-represented in carbapenem-resistant isolates, indicating their key role in resistance. We also show that different β-lactamases alter susceptibility of to different β-lactam antibiotics and quantify the effects of selected enzymes on β-lactam susceptibility. This research significantly advances the understanding of the contributions of acquired β-lactamases to antibiotic resistance, including carbapenem resistance, in and by implication in other species. It has potential to expedite development of methods that use whole genome sequencing of infecting bacteria to inform antibiotic treatment, allowing more effective use of antibiotics, and facilitate the development of new antibiotics.