School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Rekam Nusantara Foundation - Rangkong Indonesia, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
Conserv Biol. 2024 Oct;38(5):e14358. doi: 10.1111/cobi.14358.
Monitoring wildlife trade dynamics is an important initial step for conservation action and demand reduction campaigns to reduce illegal wildlife trade. Studies often rely on one data source to assess a species' trade, such as seizures or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) trade data. Each database provides useful information but is often incomplete. Combining information from multiple sources helps provide a more complete understanding of trade. A recent rapid increase in demand for helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) casques (a brightly colored, solid keratinous rostrum) led to its uplisting to critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List in 2015. However, there is little current information on what factors influence trade trends and what current levels of demand are. We combined data from CITES, seizure records, and previously underused, yet abundant, art and antique auction data to examine the global trade in helmeted hornbill casque products (HHPs). Three decades of auction data revealed that 1027 individual HHPs had been auctioned since 1992; total auction sales were over US$3 million from 1992 to 2021. The number of HHPs auctioned was greatest from 2011 to 2014, just after the global art boom (2009-2011), followed by a decline in volume and price. The auction data also revealed 2 possible markets for HHPs: true antique and speculative, defined by era, price, and trade patterns. Trends in illegal trade matched those of the auction market, but legal trade remained consistently low. Combining data sources from legal, illegal, and gray markets provided an overview of the dynamics of illegal trade in an endangered species. This approach can be applied to other wildlife markets to provide a more complete understanding of trade and demand at the market level to inform future demand reduction campaigns.
监测野生动植物贸易动态是采取保护行动和减少需求运动以减少非法野生动植物贸易的重要初始步骤。研究通常依赖于一种数据源来评估物种的贸易情况，例如扣押或《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）贸易数据。每个数据库都提供有用的信息，但往往不完整。结合来自多个来源的信息有助于更全面地了解贸易情况。最近盔犀鸟盔突（一种颜色鲜艳、坚实的角质喙）的需求急剧增加，导致其在 2015 年被国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录列为极危物种。然而，目前关于哪些因素影响贸易趋势以及当前需求水平的信息很少。我们结合了 CITES、扣押记录以及以前未充分利用但丰富的艺术品和古董拍卖数据，以研究盔犀鸟盔突产品（HHPs）的全球贸易情况。30 年来的拍卖数据显示，自 1992 年以来，已有 1027 个 HHPs 被拍卖；1992 年至 2021 年期间，拍卖销售额超过 300 万美元。自 2011 年至 2014 年，被拍卖的 HHPs 数量最多，正好在全球艺术品繁荣时期（2009-2011 年）之后，随后交易量和价格下降。拍卖数据还揭示了 HHPs 的 2 个可能市场：真正的古董和投机性市场，由时代、价格和贸易模式定义。非法贸易的趋势与拍卖市场的趋势相吻合，但合法贸易仍然保持在较低水平。将合法、非法和灰色市场的数据源结合起来，提供了对濒危物种非法贸易动态的概述。这种方法可以应用于其他野生动植物市场，以更全面地了解市场层面的贸易和需求，为未来的减少需求运动提供信息。
