World Parrot Trust, Cornwall, UK.
World Animal Protection, London, UK.
Conserv Biol. 2024 Oct;38(5):e14338. doi: 10.1111/cobi.14338.
The volume and scale of commercial captive breeding of parrots have grown dramatically in recent decades. Although it has been proposed, and is often assumed, that captive breeding can reduce pressure on wild populations, there has been little scrutiny of the scale, viability, or impacts of captive breeding to prevent overexploitation among parrots, compared with similar approaches in other threatened taxa, such as pangolins or tigers. We reviewed the primary and gray literature to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate evidence concerning 5 criteria, established a priori, for commercial captive breeding of parrots as an effective supply-side intervention. We focused on a sample of 16 threatened parrot species that are heavily traded or for which unsustainable trade has been a factor in the decline of wild populations, representing a range of taxonomic groups, life histories, and native regions. We identified multiple major gaps in knowledge of the extent to which these criteria are met, including a lack of quantitative data on breeding productivity under current commercial breeding practices, the scale and scope of commercial breeding practices in growing parrot markets, particularly in the Middle East and Asia, and the lack of financial viability of captive breeding under effective regulation to prevent laundering or use of wild-sourced specimens as breeding stock. The capacity for captive breeding to displace demand for wild-sourced parrots varied between species, and complex interactions between trade in different species and contexts sometimes made consequences of commercial production difficult to predict. Decision makers and regulatory authorities should approach commercial captive breeding of parrots with caution and take into account knowledge gaps and cross-linkages between trade in different species to avoid unanticipated consequences from stimulating and facilitating unsustainable trade in wild-sourced parrots.
近几十年来，商业性圈养鹦鹉的数量和规模急剧增长。尽管有人提出并普遍认为，圈养繁殖可以减轻野生种群的压力，但与穿山甲或老虎等其他受威胁类群类似的方法相比，对圈养繁殖的规模、可行性或影响进行审查，以防止鹦鹉过度开发的情况却很少。我们查阅了主要和灰色文献，定量和定性地评估了 5 项标准的证据，这些标准是事先确定的，用于评估商业性圈养繁殖鹦鹉作为一种有效的供应方干预措施的有效性。我们专注于 16 个受威胁鹦鹉物种的样本，这些物种的交易量大，或者其不可持续的交易是导致野生种群减少的一个因素，代表了不同的分类群、生活史和原生区域。我们发现，在这些标准得到满足的程度方面，存在多个主要的知识差距，包括缺乏当前商业繁殖实践下繁殖生产力的定量数据、在不断增长的鹦鹉市场中商业繁殖实践的规模和范围，特别是在中东和亚洲，以及在有效监管下防止洗钱或使用野生来源的标本作为繁殖材料的情况下，圈养繁殖的财务可行性。圈养繁殖替代野生来源鹦鹉需求的能力因物种而异，不同物种之间的贸易以及不同背景下的贸易之间的复杂相互作用，使得商业生产的后果有时难以预测。决策者和监管机构在对待商业性圈养鹦鹉时应谨慎行事，并考虑到不同物种之间贸易的知识差距和相互联系，以避免刺激和促进野生来源鹦鹉的不可持续贸易带来意想不到的后果。
