Reddy Arubala P, Rawat Priyanka, Rohr Nicholas, Alvir Razelle, Bisht Jasbir, Bushra Mst Anika, Luong Jennifer, Reddy Aananya P
Aging Dis. 2024 Mar 28;16(2):841-858. doi: 10.14336/AD.2024.0328.
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is implicated mainly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reported to be responsible for several processes and roles in the human body, such as regulating sleep, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety, and drug abuse. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin also functions as a signal between neurons to mature, survive, and differentiate. It plays a crucial role in neuronal plasticity, including cell migration and cell contact formation. Various psychiatric disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease, have been linked to an increase in serotonin-dependent signaling during the development of the nervous system. Recent studies have found 5-HT and other monoamines embedded in the nuclei of various cells, including immune cells, the peritoneal mast, and the adrenal medulla. Evidence suggests these monoamines to be involved in widespread intracellular regulation by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. Serotonylation is the calcium-dependent process in which 5-HT forms a long-lasting covalent bond to small cytoplasmic G-proteins by endogenous transglutaminase 2 (TGM2). Serotonylation plays a role in various biological processes. The purpose of our article is to summarize historical developments and recent advances in serotonin research and serotonylation in depression, aging, AD, and other age-related neurological diseases. We also discussed several of the latest developments with Serotonin, including biological functions, pathophysiological implications and therapeutic strategies to treat patients with depression, dementia, and other age-related conditions.
神经递质血清素（5-羟色胺，5-HT）主要与阿尔茨海默病（AD）有关，据报道它在人体中负责多种生理过程和发挥多种作用，如调节睡眠、食物摄入、性行为、焦虑和药物滥用。它由氨基酸色氨酸合成。血清素还作为神经元之间的信号，促进神经元成熟、存活和分化。它在神经元可塑性中起着关键作用，包括细胞迁移和细胞接触形成。各种精神疾病，如抑郁症、精神分裂症、自闭症和阿尔茨海默病，都与神经系统发育过程中血清素依赖性信号的增加有关。最近的研究发现，5-HT和其他单胺存在于各种细胞的细胞核中，包括免疫细胞、腹膜肥大细胞和肾上腺髓质。有证据表明，这些单胺通过蛋白质的翻译后修饰（PTM）参与广泛的细胞内调节。血清素化是一种钙依赖性过程，其中5-HT通过内源性转谷氨酰胺酶2（TGM2）与小的细胞质G蛋白形成持久的共价键。血清素化在各种生物过程中发挥作用。我们文章的目的是总结血清素研究以及血清素化在抑郁症、衰老、AD和其他与年龄相关的神经疾病方面的历史发展和最新进展。我们还讨论了血清素的一些最新进展，包括生物学功能、病理生理学意义以及治疗抑郁症、痴呆症和其他与年龄相关疾病患者的治疗策略。
