Protein nanopore-based sensors for public health analyte detection.

High-throughput and label-free protein nanopore-based sensors are extensively used in DNA sequencing, single-protein analysis, molecular sensing and chemical catalysis with single channel recording. These technologies show great potential for identifying various harmful substances linked to public health by addressing the limitations of current portability and the speed of existing techniques. In this review, we provide an overview of the fundamental principles of nanopore sensing, with a focus on chemical modification and genetic engineering strategies aimed at enhancing the detection sensitivity and identification accuracy of protein nanopores. The engineered protein nanopores enable direct sensing, while the introduction of aptamers and substrates enables indirect sensing, translating the physical structure and chemical properties of analytes into readable signals. These scientific discoveries and engineering efforts have provided new prospects for detecting and monitoring trace hazardous substances.