Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
Adv Child Dev Behav. 2024;67:104-131. doi: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2024.07.002. Epub 2024 Jul 22.
Disabled people are the largest minority group in the world. Like members of many minority groups, they face considerable prejudice and discrimination-known as ableism. Ableism reflects entrenched beliefs about what human bodies and minds should be like and a devaluation of individuals who deviate from that ideal. There is surprisingly little psychological science about ableism, and even less about its development. This chapter considers how social-cognitive biases evident in early childhood could contribute to its development. The chapter is structured around four biases: Prescriptive reasoning, promiscuous teleology, psychological essentialism, and the positivity bias. For each bias, we review foundational research about how it manifests in early childhood, speculate about its connection to ableism, and outline avenues for additional research. Understanding how social-cognitive biases contribute to the development of ableism is an important first step in efforts to equip children (and adults) with the tools to reject it.
残疾人是世界上最大的少数群体之一。与许多少数群体成员一样，他们面临着相当多的偏见和歧视——这被称为能力歧视。能力歧视反映了对人类身体和思维应该是什么样子的根深蒂固的信念，以及对偏离理想的个体的贬低。关于能力歧视，心理学科学的研究少之又少，关于其发展的研究则更少。本章探讨了在儿童早期明显存在的社会认知偏见如何促成其发展。本章围绕四个偏见展开：规定性推理、滥用心智因果关系、心理本质主义和积极偏见。对于每一种偏见，我们都回顾了它在儿童早期的表现形式的基础研究，推测了它与能力歧视的联系，并概述了进一步研究的途径。了解社会认知偏见如何促成能力歧视的发展，是让儿童（和成人）具备拒绝能力歧视的工具的重要第一步。
