Naz Iram, Hayat Akhtar, Jubeen Farhat, Asim Sadia, Kausar Abida
Department of Chemistry, Govt College Women University Arfa Kareem Road Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 1.5 km Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road Lahore 54000 Punjab Pakistan
Nanoscale Adv. 2024 Jul 31;6(18):4693-4703. doi: 10.1039/d4na00327f. eCollection 2024 Sep 10.
Aflatoxin M (AFM), a hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B (AFB), contaminates milk and dairy products from livestock ingestion of feed contaminated with a species of . As AFM is a Group-II B carcinogen, it is indispensable to develop novel, easy-to-handle, sensitive, portable and cost-effective strategies for its detection. Herein, a covalent organic framework (COF)-based electroactive nanocomposite, AgO/g-CN-COOH@MA-DBB-COF (silver oxide/carboxy-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride@melamine-dibromo butane COF), is designed to serve as a multifunctional receptor surface. The AgO/g-CN-COOH@MA-DBB-COF formation was characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and each step of the sensor fabrication was monitored using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimal conditions, the designed immunosensor permitted the detection of AFM in the linear range of 0.03-1000 fg mL, with a 0.01 fg mL limit of detection (LOD). The selectivity of the designed immunosensor was validated an anti-interference study. The practical applicability of the immunosensor was demonstrated by the detection of AFM in real milk samples, and good recovery values (97.28-102.62%) were obtained. Furthermore, the developed immunosensor and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were employed in parallel to detect AFM in local market milk samples from twenty different sites to validate the performance of the newly designed immunosensor. Additionally, the designed immunosensor was stable over an extended period of time. This work reports a single-step field-portable multifunctional innovative electrochemical immunoreceptor design for on-site and label-free detection of AFM in milk samples. Hence, the present study is the first report on the fabrication of a multifunctional innovative electrochemical immunoreceptor based on PGE/AgO/g-CN-COOH@MA-DBB-COF for the detection of AFM in milk samples.
黄曲霉毒素M（AFM）是黄曲霉毒素B（AFB）的羟基化代谢产物，会污染因家畜摄入被某种黄曲霉污染的饲料而产出的牛奶和乳制品。由于AFM是2B类致癌物，开发新颖、易于操作、灵敏、便携且经济高效的检测策略必不可少。在此，一种基于共价有机框架（COF）的电活性纳米复合材料，即AgO/g-CN-COOH@MA-DBB-COF（氧化银/羧基功能化石墨相氮化碳@三聚氰胺-二溴丁烷COF），被设计用作多功能受体表面。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱、显微拉曼光谱（RAMAN）、动态光散射（DLS）和热重分析（TGA）对AgO/g-CN-COOH@MA-DBB-COF的形成进行了表征，并使用场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、循环伏安法（CV）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）监测了传感器制造的每个步骤。在最佳条件下，所设计的免疫传感器能够在0.03 - 1000 fg/mL的线性范围内检测AFM，并具有0.01 fg/mL的检测限（LOD）。通过抗干扰研究验证了所设计免疫传感器的选择性。通过检测实际牛奶样品中的AFM证明了该免疫传感器的实际适用性，并获得了良好的回收率（97.28 - 102.62%）。此外，将所开发的免疫传感器与高效液相色谱（HPLC）并行用于检测来自二十个不同地点的当地市场牛奶样品中的AFM，以验证新设计免疫传感器的性能。此外，所设计的免疫传感器在较长时间内保持稳定。这项工作报道了一种用于牛奶样品中AFM现场无标记检测的单步现场便携式多功能创新型电化学免疫受体设计。因此，本研究是关于基于PGE/AgO/g-CN-COOH@MA-DBB-COF制造用于检测牛奶样品中AFM的多功能创新型电化学免疫受体的首次报道。
