Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Breastfeed Med. 2024 Sep;19(9):666-682. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2024.84219.bess.
During emergencies, including natural disasters and armed conflict, breastfeeding is critically important. Breastfeeding provides reliable nutrition and protection against infectious diseases, without the need for clean water, feeding implements, electricity, or external supplies. Protection, promotion, and support of breastfeeding should be an integral part of all emergency preparedness plans. Breastfeeding specialists should be part of plan development. Emergency protocols should include breastfeeding specialists among emergency relief personnel, provide culturally sensitive environments for breastfeeding, and prioritize caregivers of infants in food/water distribution. Emergency relief personnel should be aware that dehydration and missed feedings can impact milk production, but stress alone does not. Emergency support should focus on keeping mothers and infants together and providing private and/or protected spaces for mothers to breastfeed or express milk. Emergency support should also focus on rapidly identifying mothers with breastfeeding difficulties and breastfeeding mothers and infants who are separated, so their needs can be prioritized. Breastfeeding support should be available to all women experiencing difficulties, including those needing reassurance. Nonbreastfed infants should be identified as a priority group requiring support. Relactation, wet-nursing, and donor milk should be considered for nonbreastfed infants. No donations of commercial milk formula (CMF), feeding bottles or teats, or breast pumps should be accepted in emergencies. The distribution of CMF must be highly controlled, provided only when infants cannot be breastfed and accompanied by a comprehensive package of support. Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding should be included in all emergency preparedness planning and in training of personnel.
在紧急情况下，包括自然灾害和武装冲突，母乳喂养至关重要。母乳喂养提供可靠的营养，并能预防传染病，而无需清洁水、喂养器具、电力或外部供应。保护、促进和支持母乳喂养应成为所有应急准备计划的组成部分。母乳喂养专家应参与计划制定。应急协议应包括母乳喂养专家作为应急救援人员，为母乳喂养提供文化敏感的环境，并优先考虑婴幼儿的照顾者在食品/水分配方面的需求。应急救援人员应意识到脱水和错过喂养会影响乳汁分泌，但仅仅是压力并不会导致这种情况。应急支持应重点放在让母亲和婴儿在一起，并为母亲提供私人和/或受保护的空间来哺乳或挤奶。还应重点关注迅速识别有母乳喂养困难的母亲以及与母亲分离的母乳喂养婴儿，并优先满足他们的需求。应为所有遇到困难的妇女提供母乳喂养支持，包括需要得到安慰的妇女。应将非母乳喂养的婴儿确定为需要支持的优先群体。应考虑为非母乳喂养的婴儿进行重新哺乳、代乳和捐赠母乳。在紧急情况下，不得接受商业配方奶粉 (CMF)、奶瓶或奶嘴或吸奶器的捐赠。必须高度控制 CMF 的分发，仅在婴儿无法母乳喂养时提供，并伴随全面的支持方案。在所有应急准备规划和人员培训中都应包括保护、促进和支持母乳喂养。
