Stress Response to Bicarbonate Depletion.

Bicarbonate and CO are essential substrates for carboxylation reactions in bacterial central metabolism. In , the bicarbonate transporter, MpsABC (membrane potential-generating system) is the only carbon concentrating system. An deletion mutant can hardly grow in ambient air. In this study, we investigated the changes that occur in when it suffers from CO/bicarbonate deficiency. Electron microscopy revealed that Δ has a twofold thicker cell wall thickness compared to the parent strain. The mutant was also substantially inert to cell lysis induced by lysostaphin and the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. Mass spectrometry analysis of muropeptides revealed the incorporation of alanine into the pentaglycine interpeptide bridge, which explains the mutant's lysostaphin resistance. Flow cytometry analysis of wall teichoic acid (WTA) glycosylation patterns revealed a significantly lower α-glycosylated and higher ß-glycosylated WTA, explaining the mutant's increased resistance towards Triton X-100. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed altered gene expression profiles. Autolysin-encoding genes such as , a lytic transglycosylase encoding gene, were upregulated, like in vancomycin-intermediate mutants (VISA). Genes related to cell wall-anchored proteins, secreted proteins, transporters, and toxins were downregulated. Overall, we demonstrate that bicarbonate deficiency is a stress response that causes changes in cell wall composition and global gene expression resulting in increased resilience to cell wall lytic enzymes and detergents.