Rawicki Łukasz, Krawczyk Ryszard, Słania Jacek, Peruń Grzegorz, Golański Grzegorz, Łuczak Katarzyna
GIT Łukasiewicz Research Network-Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, K. Miarki 12-14, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Częstochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Aug 26;17(17):4216. doi: 10.3390/ma17174216.
The purpose of the presented research was to determine the suitability of using ultrasonic testing (UT) to inspect heterogeneous, from a material point of view, welded joints on the example of the joints of a ferritic steel element with elements made of an austenitic steel. The echo technique with transverse (SEK) and longitudinal wave heads (SEL) addressed this issue. Due to the widespread use of 13CrMo4-5 and X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel grades in the energy industry, they were selected as the test materials for the study. The objects of the presented research were welded joint specimens with thicknesses of 8, 12, and 16 mm and dimensions of 300 × 300 mm, made using the 135 metal active gas (MAG) process with the use of the Lincoln 309LSi wire-a ferritic-austenitic filler material. The stages of the research task were (1) making distance-amplitude curve (DAC) patterns from the test materials; (2) preparation of specimens of welded joints with artificial discontinuities in the form of through-holes; (3) performing UT tests on welded joints with artificial discontinuities using heads with 60° and 70° angles for the transverse wave and angle heads for longitudinal waves with similar beam insertion angles; (4) selection, by radiographic testing (RT), of welded joint specimens with natural discontinuities in the form of a lack of sidewall fusion; (5) performing UT tests on welded joints with natural discontinuities, using heads as welded joints with artificial discontinuities. It was found that (1) the highest sensitivity of discontinuity detection was obtained by performing tests on the ferritic steel side, which is due to the lower attenuation of the ultrasonic wave propagating in ferritic steel compared to austenitic steel; (2) the best detection of discontinuities could be obtained using a longitudinal ultrasonic wave; (3) there is a relationship between the thickness of the welded elements, the angle of the ultrasonic beam introduction, and the effectiveness of discontinuity detection.
本研究的目的是，以铁素体钢元件与奥氏体钢元件的接头为例，确定使用超声检测（UT）检查从材料角度来看不均匀的焊接接头的适用性。采用横波探头（SEK）和纵波探头（SEL）的回波技术解决了这个问题。由于13CrMo4-5和X2CrNiMo17-12-2钢种在能源行业中广泛使用，因此选择它们作为研究的试验材料。本研究的对象是厚度为8、12和16mm且尺寸为300×300mm的焊接接头试样，这些试样采用135熔化极活性气体保护电弧焊（MAG）工艺，使用林肯309LSi焊丝（一种铁素体-奥氏体填充材料）制成。研究任务的阶段包括：（1）从试验材料制作距离-幅度曲线（DAC）图谱；（2）制备带有通孔形式人工缺陷的焊接接头试样；（3）使用横波角度为60°和70°的探头以及纵波角度探头且具有相似波束入射角，对带有人工缺陷的焊接接头进行超声检测；（4）通过射线检测（RT）选择存在侧壁未熔合形式自然缺陷的焊接接头试样；（5）使用与带有人工缺陷的焊接接头相同的探头，对带有自然缺陷的焊接接头进行超声检测。研究发现：（1）在铁素体钢一侧进行检测可获得最高的缺陷检测灵敏度，这是因为与奥氏体钢相比，超声波在铁素体钢中传播时衰减更低；（2）使用纵向超声波可实现最佳的缺陷检测；（3）焊接元件的厚度、超声束入射角与缺陷检测效果之间存在关联。
