Miranda Isabel, Pereira Helena
Centro de Estudos Florestais, Laboratório Associado TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Sep 7;17(17):4414. doi: 10.3390/ma17174414.
Façades give the first impression of a structure, reflecting the overall aesthetic appeal, architectural styles, cultural influences, and technological advancements. Emphasis on sustainability is increasing, with a shift towards eco-friendly and energy-saving materials, triggered by decreasing the environmental impact of construction. Cork is a green competitive material for various engineering and design applications due to its biological formation, sustainable production and a portfolio of properties including low density, impermeability, viscoelastic behaviour and high thermal insulation that derive from its cellular and chemical features. This work presents cork materials used in building façades and their properties, also giving information on cork production and processing into cork-based products as a review of the existing published research, while also identifying knowledge gaps and further research needed. Historical examples of cladding of constructions with raw cork are given, while the contemporary innovative use of cork façades was triggered by some designs of well-known architects with outdoor application of expanded cork agglomerates. Examples of different historical and contemporary constructions were assembled and critically assessed by the authors. The aim is to give integrated information of cork as a natural, renewable and sustainable material to raise the interest of designers, architects and engineers to explore cork, blending aesthetics with environmental responsibility, targeting a more sustainable and resilient built environment.
建筑立面给人对建筑的第一印象，反映了整体美学吸引力、建筑风格、文化影响和技术进步。随着建筑对环境影响的降低，对可持续性的重视日益增加，正朝着使用环保和节能材料的方向转变。由于软木的生物形成过程、可持续生产以及一系列特性，包括低密度、不透水性、粘弹性行为和高热绝缘性（这些特性源于其细胞结构和化学特性），软木是各种工程和设计应用中的一种绿色竞争材料。本文介绍了用于建筑立面的软木材料及其特性，还提供了软木生产以及加工成软木制品的相关信息，作为对现有已发表研究的综述，同时也指出了知识空白和所需的进一步研究方向。文中给出了用原始软木包覆建筑的历史实例，而软木立面的当代创新应用则是由一些知名建筑师的设计引发的，这些设计将膨胀软木聚集体应用于户外。作者收集并批判性地评估了不同历史和当代建筑的实例。目的是提供关于软木作为一种天然、可再生和可持续材料的综合信息，以提高设计师、建筑师和工程师对探索软木的兴趣，将美学与环境责任相结合，目标是打造一个更具可持续性和韧性的建筑环境。
