Earth Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, Wageningen, 6708, PB, Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708, WB, Netherlands; National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Research Centre for Environment & Clean Technology, KST Samaun Samadikun, Jl. Sangkuriang, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708, WB, Netherlands.
Environ Res. 2024 Dec 1;262(Pt 2):119992. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119992. Epub 2024 Sep 12.
Antibiotic residues, their mixture toxicity, and the potential selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria could pose a problem for water use and the ecosystem of reservoirs. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, concentration, distribution, and ecological risks associated with various antibiotics in the Cirata reservoir, Indonesia. In our water and sediment samples, we detected 24 out of the 65 antibiotic residues analyzed, revealing a diverse range of antibiotic classes present. Notably, sulphonamides, diaminopyrimidine, and lincosamides were frequently found in the water, while the sediment predominantly contained tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Most antibiotic classes reached their highest concentrations in the water during the dry season. However, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines showed their highest concentrations in the water during the wet season. Ecotoxicological risk assessments indicated that the impact of most antibiotic residues on aquatic organisms was negligible, except for fluoroquinolones. Looking at the impact on cyanobacteria, however, varying risks were indicated, ranging from medium to critical, with antibiotics like sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and lincomycin posing substantial threats. Among these, ciprofloxacin emerged as the antibiotic with the strongest risk. Furthermore, fluoroquinolones may have the potential to contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The presence of mixtures of antibiotic residues during the wet season significantly impacted species loss, with Potentially Affected Fraction of Species (msPAF) values exceeding 0.75 in almost 90% of locations. However, the impact of mixtures of antibiotic residues in sediment remained consistently low across all locations and seasons. Based on their occurrences and associated risks, 12 priority antibiotic residues were identified for monitoring in the reservoir and its tributaries. Moreover, the study suggests that river inflow serves as the most significant source of antibiotic residues in the reservoir. Further investigations into the relative share attribution of antibiotic sources in the reservoir is recommended to help identify effective interventions.
抗生素残留、其混合物毒性以及对抗生素耐药菌的潜在选择，可能会对水库的水资源利用和生态系统造成问题。本研究旨在提供印度尼西亚 Cirata 水库中各种抗生素的发生、浓度、分布和生态风险的综合理解。在我们的水和沉积物样本中，检测到了分析的 65 种抗生素残留中的 24 种，揭示了存在的各种抗生素类别。值得注意的是，磺胺类、二氨基嘧啶和林可酰胺类在水中经常被发现，而沉积物中主要含有四环素类和氟喹诺酮类。大多数抗生素类别在旱季时在水中达到最高浓度。然而，氟喹诺酮类和四环素类在雨季时在水中达到最高浓度。生态毒理学风险评估表明，大多数抗生素残留对水生生物的影响可以忽略不计，除了氟喹诺酮类。然而，考虑到对蓝藻的影响，表明存在不同的风险，从中等到严重不等，磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星和林可霉素等抗生素构成了重大威胁。其中，环丙沙星是抗生素中风险最强的。此外，氟喹诺酮类可能有潜力促进抗生素耐药菌的选择。雨季抗生素残留混合物的存在显著影响了物种的损失，在近 90%的地点，受影响物种的部分（msPAF）值超过 0.75。然而，在所有地点和季节，沉积物中抗生素残留混合物的影响保持一致地低。基于它们的出现和相关风险，确定了 12 种优先抗生素残留物用于监测水库及其支流。此外，研究表明，河流流入是水库中抗生素残留的最重要来源。建议进一步调查水库中抗生素来源的相对份额归因，以帮助确定有效的干预措施。
