University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Canada.
University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, Canada.
Environ Pollut. 2024 Dec 1;362:124953. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124953. Epub 2024 Sep 13.
Organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs) are known to contaminate many aquatic ecosystems, with much environmental contamination attributed to the use of UVF-containing skin care products such as sunscreens during aquatic recreation. Most studies addressing the impact of sunscreen contamination have focused on the effects of UVFs under the assumption that they are the primary contaminants of concern from sunscreen pollution; however, the extent to which the toxicity of UVFs is representative of the environmental impacts of the whole sunscreen mixture is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, this study compared the mixture toxicity of five off-the-shelf sunscreen spray products containing the UVFs avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, octocrylene and oxybenzone to the toxicity of each UVF in isolation to the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna. It was found that sunscreen toxicity was not proportional to their total UVF content, as the sunscreen containing the fewest UVFs was approximately equivalent to the sunscreen with the most UVFs, causing ≥90 % mortality and inhibiting all daphnid reproduction over 21 d exposures. Sunscreen toxicity was typically lower than expected when compared to the toxicity of each individual UVF within the mixture, as some sunscreens causing ≤20 % mortality contained octocrylene and/or oxybenzone at concentrations exceeding those which caused 90 % mortality during exposure to the UVF alone. Despite sunscreens causing large impairments in reproduction, growth and metabolism, poor correlations existed between the severity of most sublethal endpoints with respect to the measured UVF content of each sunscreen. Overall, these results indicate that potential antagonistic relationships between sunscreen ingredients can greatly reduce the toxicity of UVFs, creating more uncertainty regarding the level of threat that UVFs pose to the environment as a result of sunscreen contamination.
有机紫外线滤光剂（UVF）已被证实会污染许多水生生态系统，而含有 UVF 的护肤品（如防晒霜）在水上娱乐活动中的大量使用，导致了许多环境污染。大多数研究都集中在防晒霜污染对 UVF 的影响上，因为人们认为它们是防晒霜污染中主要的关注污染物；然而，UVF 的毒性在多大程度上代表了防晒霜混合物对环境的影响，目前还不得而知。为了解决这一知识空白，本研究比较了五种市售防晒霜喷雾产品混合物的毒性，这些产品含有 UVF 阿伏苯宗、甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯、奥克立林、奥克沙林和氧苯酮，以及每种 UVF 单独对淡水无脊椎动物大型溞的毒性。结果发现，防晒霜的毒性与其总 UVF 含量不成比例，因为含有最少 UVF 的防晒霜与含有最多 UVF 的防晒霜大致相当，导致≥90%的死亡率，并在 21 天的暴露期内抑制了所有大型溞的繁殖。与混合物中每种 UVF 的毒性相比，防晒霜的毒性通常较低，因为一些导致死亡率≤20%的防晒霜中含有奥克立林和/或氧苯酮，其浓度超过了单独暴露于 UVF 时导致 90%死亡率的浓度。尽管防晒霜对繁殖、生长和新陈代谢造成了严重损害，但大多数亚致死终点的严重程度与每种防晒霜中测量的 UVF 含量之间的相关性较差。总的来说，这些结果表明，防晒霜成分之间可能存在拮抗关系，这大大降低了 UVF 的毒性，使得由于防晒霜污染而对 UVF 对环境构成的威胁程度更加不确定。
